Process Synthesis and Integration

Process synthesis is a key design activity which focuses on the generation of alternatives for creating new processes or retrofitting existing ones. It is closely tied to process integration which is a holistic approach to design and operation which focuses on the unity of the process. This article provides a brief overview of process synthesis and integration. The focus is on key concepts, tools, and applications. The discussion is organized over classes of problems. First, the synthesis of energy systems is discussed with emphasis on the thermal pinch analysis for the conservation of heat through the integration of process hot and cold streams. Next, the material recovery pinch diagram is presented as a basis for reducing the use of fresh resources and the discharge of waste materials through reuse and recycle. Then, the field of process network synthesis is briefly reviewed. Moving to reactive systems, the topics of reaction pathways synthesis, attainable reaction regions, and reactor network synthesis are discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the simultaneous process and molecular design. Keywords: process design; process integration; process synthesis; optimization; resource conservation

[1]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Analysis and Simulation of Hollow-Fiber Reverse-Osmosis Modules , 1996 .

[2]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Optimal design of pervaporation systems for waste reduction , 1993 .

[3]  Santanu Bandyopadhyay,et al.  Energy optimization in heat integrated water allocation networks , 2012 .

[4]  G. Stephanopoulos,et al.  Studies on the synthesis of chemical reaction paths—I: Reaction characteristics in the (ΔG, T) space and a primitive synthesis procedure , 1982 .

[5]  Sten Bay Jørgensen,et al.  A novel framework for simultaneous separation process and product design , 2004 .

[6]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Automated targeting technique for concentration- and property-based total resource conservation network , 2010, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[7]  Yin Ling Tan,et al.  Targeting the minimum water flow rate using water cascade analysis technique , 2004 .

[8]  Dominic C.Y. Foo,et al.  Fuzzy optimization of topologically constrained eco-industrial resource conservation networks with incomplete information , 2011 .

[9]  Majid Amidpour,et al.  Application of Problem Decomposition in Process Integration , 1997 .

[10]  Dominic Chwan Yee Foo,et al.  Flowrate targeting for threshold problems and plant-wide integration for water network synthesis. , 2008, Journal of environmental management.

[11]  Mikhail Sorin,et al.  On Minimization of the Number of Heat Exchangers in Water Networks , 2004 .

[12]  Robin Smith.  State of the art in process integration , 2000 .

[13]  Rosli Mohd Yunus,et al.  Synthesis of mass exchange network for batch processes—Part I: Utility targeting , 2004 .

[14]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Correct identification of limiting water data for water network synthesis , 2006 .

[15]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Synthesis of reactive mass-exchange networks with general nonlinear equilibrium functions , 1994 .

[16]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Multiobjective design of interplant trigeneration systems , 2014 .

[17]  D. Glasser,et al.  Geometry of the Attainable Region Generated by Reaction and Mixing: With and without Constraints , 1990 .

[18]  Nilay Shah,et al.  Heat exchanger network design for multipurpose batch plants , 1996 .

[19]  Eric L. First,et al.  Nationwide, Regional, and Statewide CO2 Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration Supply Chain Network Optimization , 2014 .

[20]  Jin-Kuk Kim,et al.  Improving energy recovery for water minimisation , 2009 .

[21]  Luis Puigjaner,et al.  Rationalizing the water use in the batch process industry , 1997 .

[22]  Antonis C. Kokossis,et al.  Conceptual optimisation of utility networks for operational variations—I. targets and level optimisation , 1998 .

[23]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Synthesis of Heat Integrated Resource Conservation Networks with Varying Operating Parameters , 2013 .

[24]  Toshko Zhelev,et al.  Combined water–oxygen pinch analysis for better wastewater treatment management , 2000 .

[25]  Miguel J. Bagajewicz,et al.  Synthesis of non-isothermal heat integrated water networks in chemical processes , 2008, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[26]  D. Glasser,et al.  A geometric approach to steady flow reactors: the attainable region and optimization in concentration space , 1987 .

[27]  I. Grossmann,et al.  Water Targeting Models for Simultaneous Flowsheet Optimization , 2013 .

[28]  Thokozani Majozi,et al.  Storage Design for Maximum Wastewater Reuse in Multipurpose Batch Plants , 2006 .

[29]  Thokozani Majozi,et al.  Wastewater minimisation using central reusable water storage in batch plants , 2005, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[30]  L. Puigjaner,et al.  A new look at energy integration in multiproduct batch processes , 1993 .

[31]  Cheng-Liang Chen,et al.  Superstructure-Based MINLP Formulation for Synthesis of Re-Circulating Cooling-Water Networks with Intermediate Mains , 2007 .

[32]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Flowrate Targeting Algorithm for Interplant Resource Conservation Network. Part 1: Unassisted Integration Scheme , 2010 .

[33]  Hong-Guang Dong,et al.  State—Time—Space Superstructure-Based MINLP Formulation for Batch Water-Allocation Network Design , 2010 .

[34]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Integrated conceptual design of solar-assisted trigeneration systems , 2011, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[35]  Cheng-Liang Chen,et al.  Synthesis and design of chilled water networks using mathematical optimization , 2013 .

[36]  D. Rudd.  The synthesis of system designs: I. Elementary decomposition theory , 1968 .

[37]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Synthesis of cooling water systems with multiple cooling towers , 2013 .

[38]  Kun Soo Chang,et al.  Synthesis of maximum energy recovery networks in batch processes , 1994 .

[39]  Dominic C.Y. Foo,et al.  Retrofit of Water Network with Regeneration Using Water Pinch Analysis , 2007 .

[40]  Cheng-Liang Chen,et al.  A unified model of property integration for batch and continuous processes , 2009 .

[41]  Jiří Jaromír Klemeš,et al.  Forty years of Heat Integration: Pinch Analysis (PA) and Mathematical Programming (MP) , 2013 .

[42]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Heat integrated resource conservation networks without mixing prior to heat exchanger networks , 2014 .

[43]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Integration of Thermal Membrane Distillation Networks with Processing Facilities , 2014 .

[44]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Process integration technology review: background and applications in the chemical process industry , 2003 .

[45]  Zainuddin Abdul Manan,et al.  Synthesis of maximum water recovery network for batch process systems , 2005 .

[46]  G. T. Polley,et al.  Design of water and heat recovery networks for the simultaneous minimisation of water and energy consumption , 2010 .

[47]  Dominic C.Y. Foo,et al.  Optimal energy planning models with carbon footprint constraints , 2010 .

[48]  Luis Puigjaner.  Extended Modeling Framework for Heat and Power Integration in Batch and Semi-continuous Processes , 2007 .

[49]  Thokozani Majozi,et al.  On synthesis and optimization of cooling water systems with multiple cooling towers , 2011 .

[50]  Germán Aroca,et al.  Attainable region analysis for continuous production of second generation bioethanol , 2013, Biotechnology for Biofuels.

[51]  Nan Zhang,et al.  Strategy of Purifier Selection and Integration in Hydrogen Networks , 2004 .

[52]  Jiří Jaromír Klemeš,et al.  Minimising carbon footprint of regional biomass supply chains , 2010 .

[53]  Christodoulos A. Floudas,et al.  Automatic synthesis of optimum heat exchanger network configurations , 1986 .

[54]  Vittorio Verda,et al.  Design of water and energy networks using temperatureconcentration diagrams , 2011 .

[55]  Miguel J. Bagajewicz,et al.  Targeting procedures for energy savings by heat integration across plants , 1999 .

[56]  Kevin C. Furman,et al.  A Critical Review and Annotated Bibliography for Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis in the 20th Century , 2002 .

[57]  Thokozani Majozi,et al.  Simultaneous targeting and design for cooling water systems with multiple cooling water supplies , 2008, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[58]  Abtin Ataei,et al.  Optimum design of cooling water systems for energy and water conservation , 2009 .

[59]  Mahmoud El-Halwagi,et al.  An algorithmic approach to the optimization of process cogeneration , 2009 .

[60]  Thokozani Majozi,et al.  Impact of Multiple Storage in Wastewater Minimization for Multicontaminant Batch Plants: Toward Zero Effluent , 2008 .

[61]  Xigang Yuan,et al.  Synthesis of Water Utilization System Using Concentration Interval Analysis Method(II)Discontinuous Process , 2007 .

[62]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Development of heat-integrated evaporation and crystallization networks for ternary wastewater systems. 2. Interception task identification for the separation and allocation network , 2001 .

[63]  Eusiel Rubio-Castro,et al.  Optimal design of effluent-cooling systems using a mathematical programming model , 2010 .

[64]  T. Zhelev.  On the integrated management of industrial resources incorporating finances , 2005 .

[65]  Mikhail Sorin,et al.  Direct and Indirect Heat Transfer in Water Network Systems , 2001 .

[66]  Raymond R. Tan,et al.  Targeting for carbon sequestration retrofit planning in the power generation sector for multi-period problems , 2014 .

[67]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Global optimization of mass and property integration networks with in-plant property interceptors , 2009 .

[68]  Robin Smith,et al.  Design of cooling systems for effluent temperature reduction , 2001 .

[69]  Jiří Jaromír Klemeš,et al.  Regional renewable energy and resource planning , 2011 .

[70]  Jin-Kuk Kim,et al.  Synthesis and optimisation of heat-integrated multiple-contaminant water systems , 2008 .

[71]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Integrated Approach for Simultaneous Mass and Property Integration for Resource Conservation , 2013 .

[72]  L. Puigjaner,et al.  Method to incorporate energy integration considerations in multiproduct batch processes , 1994 .

[73]  Miguel J. Bagajewicz,et al.  Energy efficient water utilization systems in process plants , 2002 .

[74]  Dominic C.Y. Foo.  Automated Targeting Technique for Batch Process Integration , 2010 .

[75]  Ioannis K. Kookos,et al.  A targeting approach to the synthesis of membrane networks for gas separations , 2002 .

[76]  R. Tan,et al.  A Superstructure Optimization Approach for Membrane Separation-Based Water Regeneration Network Synthesis with Detailed Nonlinear Mechanistic Reverse Osmosis Model , 2011 .

[77]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Synthesis of optimal heat-induced separation networks , 1995 .

[78]  Robin Smith,et al.  Design of Water-Using Systems Involving Regeneration , 1998 .

[79]  Michael L. Mavrovouniotis,et al.  Synthesis of biochemical production routes , 1992 .

[80]  Ignacio E. Grossmann,et al.  Simultaneous optimization and heat integration of chemical processes , 1986 .

[81]  Santanu Bandyopadhyay,et al.  Energy conservation in water allocation networks with negligible contaminant effects , 2010 .

[82]  Mario R. Eden,et al.  Simultaneous solution of process and molecular design problems using an algebraic approach , 2010, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[83]  I. Or,et al.  A computerized and integrated approach for heat exchanger network design in multipurpose batch plants , 2001 .

[84]  Xiao Feng,et al.  The Integration of the Hydrogen Distribution System with Multiple Impurities , 2007 .

[85]  Miguel J. Bagajewicz,et al.  Energy savings in the total site heat integration across many plants , 2000 .

[86]  Raymond R. Tan,et al.  A heuristic-based algebraic targeting technique for aggregate planning in supply chains , 2008, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[87]  Luis Puigjaner,et al.  Targeting and design methodology for reduction of fuel, power and CO2 on total sites , 1997 .

[88]  Xuewen Li,et al.  Globally optimal reactor network synthesis via the combination of linear programming and stochastic optimization approach , 2012 .

[89]  Zdravko Kravanja,et al.  Simultaneous synthesis of process water and heat exchanger networks , 2013 .

[90]  Xiao Feng,et al.  A new approach to design energy efficient water allocation networks , 2009 .

[91]  Lloyd P. M. Johnston,et al.  Optimal design of reverse osmosis module networks , 2000 .

[92]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Carbon and footprint-constrained energy planning using cascade analysis technique , 2008 .

[93]  R. Tan,et al.  Automated Targeting Technique for Single-Impurity Resource Conservation Networks. Part 1: Direct Reuse/Recycle , 2009 .

[94]  V. Hlaváček,et al.  Synthesis in the design of chemical processes , 1978 .

[95]  Cheng-Liang Chen,et al.  Continuous-Time Formulation for the Synthesis of Water-Using Networks in Batch Plants , 2008 .

[96]  Arturo Jiménez-Gutiérrez,et al.  MINLP synthesis of optimal cooling networks , 2007 .

[97]  Patrick Linke,et al.  Attainable reaction and separation processes from a superstructure‐based method , 2003 .

[98]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  The use of graphical pinch analysis for visualizing water footprint constraints in biofuel production , 2009 .

[99]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Targeting optimum resource allocation using reverse problem formulations and property clustering techniques , 2005, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[100]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Automated Targeting Technique for Single-Impurity Resource Conservation Networks. Part 2: Single-Pass and Partitioning Waste-Interception Systems , 2009 .

[101]  Christodoulos A. Floudas,et al.  Optimization of complex reactor networks—I. Isothermal operation , 1990 .

[102]  Luis Puigjaner,et al.  Global strategy for energy and waste analysis in scheduling and planning of multiproduct batch chemical processes , 1996 .

[103]  Jiří Jaromír Klemeš,et al.  Recent developments in Process Integration , 2013 .

[104]  L. T. Fan,et al.  Graph-theoretic method for the algorithmic synthesis of azeotropic-distillation systems , 2003 .

[105]  Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos,et al.  Property Modelling and Simulation for Product and Process Design , 2002 .

[106]  A. Meili,et al.  Distillation columns with direct vapor recompression , 1987 .

[107]  D. Rudd.  Accessible designs in Solvay cluster synthesis , 1976 .

[108]  Luis Puigjaner,et al.  Optimisation of water use in batch process industries , 1999 .

[109]  G. Polley,et al.  Dealing with Plant Geography and Piping Constraints in Water Network Design , 1996 .

[110]  Nick Hallale,et al.  Refinery hydrogen management for clean fuels production , 2001 .

[111]  Santanu Bandyopadhyay,et al.  Source composite curve for waste reduction , 2006 .

[112]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Synthesis of reverse‐osmosis networks for waste reduction , 1992 .

[113]  Cheng-Liang Chen,et al.  A graphical technique for the design of water-using networks in batch processes , 2008 .

[114]  L. Biegler,et al.  Algorithmic synthesis of chemical reactor networks using mathematical programming , 1986 .

[115]  Chuei-Tin Chang,et al.  Integrated water network designs for batch processes , 2007 .

[116]  Toshko Zhelev,et al.  Energy-environment closed-loop through Oxygen Pinch , 1999 .

[117]  Jose B. Cruz,et al.  Bi-level fuzzy optimization approach for water exchange in eco-industrial parks , 2010 .

[118]  D. Foo.  State-of-the-Art Review of Pinch Analysis Techniques for Water Network Synthesis , 2009 .

[119]  Zuwei Liao,et al.  Design Methodology for Flexible Multiple Plant Water Networks , 2007 .

[120]  François Maréchal,et al.  Combined mass and energy integration in process design at the example of membrane-based gas separation systems , 2010, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[121]  Antonis C. Kokossis,et al.  Conceptual optimisation of utility networks for operational variations—II. Network development and optimisation , 1998 .

[122]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Simultaneous process and molecular design—A property based approach , 2007 .

[123]  U. V. Shenoy,et al.  Pinch analysis for aggregate production planning in supply chains , 2004, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[124]  Dominic C.Y. Foo,et al.  Minimum units targeting and network evolution for batch heat exchanger network , 2008 .

[125]  Masaru Nakaiwa,et al.  Internally Heat-Integrated Distillation Columns: A Review , 2003 .

[126]  Chuei-Tin Chang,et al.  A Mathematical Programming Model for Discontinuous Water-Reuse System Design , 2006 .

[127]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  An Optimization Approach to Heat Integration with Incorporation of Solar Energy and Biofuels , 2009 .

[128]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Synthesis and Scheduling of Optimal Batch Water-recycle Networks * * Supported by the Texas Water Re , 2008 .

[129]  Zorka Novak Pintarič,et al.  Synthesis of batch water network for a brewery plant. , 2009 .

[130]  Christodoulos A. Floudas,et al.  Scheduling of crude oil operations under demand uncertainty: A robust optimization framework coupled with global optimization , 2012 .

[131]  Fahad A. Al-Sulaiman,et al.  Trigeneration: A comprehensive review based on prime movers , 2011 .

[132]  Cheng-Liang Chen,et al.  Synthesis of water-using network with central reusable storage in batch processes , 2007, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[133]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  A shortcut method for the preliminary synthesis of process-technology pathways: An optimization approach and application for the conceptual design of integrated biorefineries , 2011, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[134]  Ravi Prakash,et al.  Targeting and design of water networks for fixed flowrate and fixed contaminant load operations , 2005 .

[135]  Luis A. Cisternas,et al.  On the design of crystallization‐based separation processes: Review and extension , 2006 .

[136]  Xiao-Ning Li,et al.  Conceptual process synthesis: past and current trends , 2004 .

[137]  R. Tan,et al.  A Graphical Approach for Pinch-Based Source–Sink Matching and Sensitivity Analysis in Carbon Capture and Storage Systems , 2013 .

[138]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Property integration: Componentless design techniques and visualization tools , 2004 .

[139]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Synthesis of mass exchange networks , 1989 .

[140]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  RIGOROUS GRAPHICAL TARGETING FOR RESOURCE CONSERVATION VIA MATERIAL RECYCLE/REUSE NETWORKS , 2003 .

[141]  Dominic C.Y. Foo,et al.  A generalised guideline for process changes for resource conservation networks , 2013, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy.

[142]  Dale F. Rudd,et al.  Synthesis in the design of chemical processes , 1973 .

[143]  Christodoulos A. Floudas,et al.  Hybrid and single feedstock energy processes for liquid transportation fuels: A critical review , 2012, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[144]  Nina F. Thornhill,et al.  Energy Induced Separation Network Synthesis of an Olefin Compression Section: A Case Study , 2011 .

[145]  Ali Elkamel,et al.  Optimal design of reverse-osmosis networks for wastewater treatment , 2008 .

[146]  Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos,et al.  A multiperiod MINLP model for the synthesis of flexible heat and mass exchange networks , 1994 .

[147]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Synthesis of combined heat and reactive mass-exchange networks , 1994 .

[148]  Gang Rong,et al.  Systematic Optimization of Heat-Integrated Water Allocation Networks , 2011 .

[149]  Bodo Linnhoff,et al.  Heat and power networks in process design. Part I: Criteria for placement of heat engines and heat pumps in process networks , 1983 .

[150]  Rafiqul Gani,et al.  Computer-Aided Methods and Tools for Chemical Product Design , 2004 .

[151]  Xiao Feng,et al.  Graphically Based Optimization of Single-Contaminant Regeneration Reuse Water Systems , 2007 .

[152]  G. Towler,et al.  Analysis of Refinery Hydrogen Distribution Systems , 2002 .

[153]  Xiao Feng,et al.  Optimization of Direct Recycle Networks with the Simultaneous Consideration of Property, Mass, and Thermal Effects , 2011 .

[154]  B. Qvale,et al.  Waste-Heat Recovery in Batch Processs Using Heat Storage , 1995 .

[155]  Jacques F. Gouws,et al.  Water Minimization Techniques for Batch Processes , 2010 .

[156]  Ana Paula Barbosa-Póvoa,et al.  Optimal design of heat-integrated multipurpose batch facilities: a mixed-integer mathematical formulation , 2001 .

[157]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Simultaneous Synthesis of Property-based Water Reuse/recycle and Interceptions Networks for Batch Processes , 2007 .

[158]  Thokozani Majozi,et al.  A graphical technique for wastewater minimisation in batch processes. , 2006, Journal of environmental management.

[159]  E. Pistikopoulos,et al.  Proactive scheduling of batch processes by a combined robust optimization and multiparametric programming approach , 2013 .

[160]  Sten Bay Jørgensen,et al.  Property Integration—A New Approach for Simultaneous Solution of Process and Molecular Design Problems , 2002 .

[161]  B. Linnhoff,et al.  Pinch analysis : a state-of-the-art overview : Techno-economic analysis , 1993 .

[162]  Jin-Kuk Kim,et al.  Cooling System Design for Water and Wastewater Minimization , 2004 .

[163]  L. Naess,et al.  The synthesis of cost optimal heat exchanger networks. An industrial review of the state of the art , 1988 .

[164]  Arthur W. Westerberg,et al.  A review of process synthesis , 1981 .

[165]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  A hierarchical approach for the synthesis of batch water network , 2008, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[166]  Ramlan Abdul Aziz,et al.  Synthesis of mass exchange network for batch processes - part II: minimum units target and batch network design , 2005 .

[167]  Ignacio E. Grossmann,et al.  Heat integration in batch processing , 1986 .

[168]  Dominic C.Y. Foo,et al.  Automated targeting for inter-plant water integration , 2009 .

[169]  Zdravko Kravanja,et al.  Simultaneous optimization of heat-integrated water networks involving process-to-process streams for heat integration , 2014 .

[170]  Junghwan Kim,et al.  A simultaneous optimization approach for the design of wastewater and heat exchange networks based on cost estimation. , 2009 .

[171]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Optimal design of multicomponent VOC condensation systems , 1994 .

[172]  Robin Smith,et al.  Studies on simultaneous energy and water minimisation—Part I: Systems with no water re-use , 2005 .

[173]  J. Jezowski.  Review of Water Network Design Methods with Literature Annotations , 2010 .

[174]  Santanu Bandyopadhyay,et al.  Heat Integration in Process Water Networks , 2011 .

[175]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Automated targeting for conventional and bilateral property-based resource conservation network , 2009 .

[176]  I. C. Kemp,et al.  The cascade analysis for energy and process integration of batch processes. III: A case study , 1989 .

[177]  Robin Smith,et al.  Cooling water system design , 2001 .

[178]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Carbon Constrained Energy Planning (CCEP) for Sustainable Power Generation Sector with Automated Targeting Model , 2013 .

[179]  Dominic C.Y. Foo,et al.  Pinch analysis approach to carbon-constrained energy sector planning , 2007 .

[180]  Cheng-Liang Chen,et al.  Synthesis of a Continuously Operated Mass-Exchanger Network for a Semiconsecutive Process , 2007 .

[181]  Bin Wang,et al.  Recirculating Cooling-Water Network with an Intermediate Cooling-Water Main , 2005 .

[182]  Yang-Dong Hu,et al.  Optimum design of reverse osmosis system under different feed concentration and product specification , 2007 .

[183]  C. Deng,et al.  Graphically based analysis of water system with zero liquid discharge , 2008 .

[184]  Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos,et al.  Energy production planning of a network of micro combined heat and power generators , 2013 .

[185]  Rakesh Agrawal,et al.  Synthesis of Distillation Column Configurations for a Multicomponent Separation , 1996 .

[186]  Eva Sorensen,et al.  The optimal design of membrane systems , 2003 .

[187]  Duncan M. Fraser,et al.  Capital and total cost targets for mass exchange networks , 2000 .

[188]  Robin Smith,et al.  Studies on simultaneous energy and water minimisation - Part II: Systems with maximum re-use of water , 2005 .

[189]  Rakesh Agrawal,et al.  Energy Efficiency Limitations of the Conventional Heat Integrated Distillation Column (HIDiC) Configuration for Binary Distillation , 2011 .

[190]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Ultimate Flowrate Targeting with Regeneration Placement , 2007 .

[191]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Process synthesis and optimization of biorefinery configurations , 2012 .

[192]  S. Ahmad,et al.  Heat recovery between areas of integrity , 1991 .

[193]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Targeting cogeneration and waste utilization through process integration , 2009 .

[194]  Robin Smith,et al.  Automated Design of Discontinuous Water Systems , 2004 .

[195]  S. Bandyopadhyay,et al.  Water Management in Process Industries Incorporating Regeneration and Recycle through a Single Treatment Unit , 2008 .

[196]  Xiao Feng,et al.  On the use of graphical method to determine the targets of single-contaminant regeneration recycling water systems , 2007 .

[197]  Z. Manan,et al.  Setting the Minimum Utility Gas Flowrate Targets Using Cascade Analysis Technique , 2006 .

[198]  Chih-Yao Lin,et al.  Simultaneous optimization approach for integrated water-allocation and heat-exchange networks , 2008 .

[199]  Ignacio E. Grossmann,et al.  Strategies for the robust simulation of thermally coupled distillation sequences , 2012, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[200]  Xiao Feng,et al.  New Graphical Method for the Integration of Hydrogen Distribution Systems , 2006 .

[201]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Synthesis of Direct and Indirect Interplant Water Network , 2008 .

[202]  Y.-P. Wang,et al.  Time pinch analysis , 1995 .

[203]  R. M. Wood,et al.  Heat Integration for Batch Processes: Part 2: Heat Exchanger Network Design , 1998 .

[204]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Planning of carbon capture and storage with pinch analysis techniques , 2013 .

[205]  O. S. Azeez,et al.  Supply-based superstructure synthesis of heat and mass exchange networks , 2013, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[206]  G. T. Polley,et al.  Design of energy storage systems for batch process plants , 1996 .

[207]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Simultaneous synthesis of waste interception and material reuse networks: Problem reformulation for global optimization , 2005 .

[208]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Component-less design of recovery and allocation systems: a functionality-based clustering approach , 2000 .

[209]  Arturo Jiménez-Gutiérrez,et al.  Optimization model for re-circulating cooling water systems , 2010, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[210]  Christodoulos A. Floudas,et al.  Deterministic global optimization in isothermal reactor network synthesis , 2002, J. Glob. Optim..

[211]  Mamdouh A. Gadalla,et al.  Pinch Analysis-Based Approach to Conceptual Design of Internally Heat-Integrated Distillation Columns , 2005 .

[212]  Abtin Ataei,et al.  SIMULTANEOUS ENERGY AND WATER OPTIMIZATION IN MULTIPLE- CONTAMINANT SYSTEMS WITH FLOWRATE CHANGES CONSIDERATION , 2010 .

[213]  U. V. Shenoy,et al.  Aggregate Planning in Supply Chains by Pinch Analysis , 2002 .

[214]  Y. P. Wang,et al.  Wastewater minimization with flowrate constraints , 1995 .

[215]  Robin Smith,et al.  Process Synthesis of Batch Distillation Systems , 2013 .

[216]  R. M. Wood,et al.  Heat Integration For Batch Processes: Part 1: Process Scheduling Based on Cascade Analysis , 1998 .

[217]  I. Ugi,et al.  Representation of Chemical Systems and Interconversions by be Matrices and Their Transformation Properties , 1971 .

[218]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Extension of targeting procedure for “Ultimate Flowrate Targeting with Regeneration Placement” by Ng et al., Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 85 (A9): 1253–1267 , 2008 .

[219]  Eva M. Lovelady,et al.  An integrated approach to the optimisation of water usage and discharge in pulp and paper plants , 2007 .

[220]  Ignacio E. Grossmann,et al.  Optimal production planning under time-sensitive electricity prices for continuous power-intensive processes , 2012, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[221]  C. A. Floudast,et al.  Synthesis of heat integrated nonsharp distillation sequences , 1992 .

[222]  John R. Flower,et al.  Synthesis of heat exchanger networks: I. Systematic generation of energy optimal networks , 1978 .

[223]  Miguel J. Bagajewicz,et al.  A review of recent design procedures for water networks in refineries and process plants , 2000 .

[224]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Extended pinch targeting techniques for carbon-constrained energy sector planning , 2009 .

[225]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Unified pinch approach for targeting of carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems with multiple time periods and regions , 2014 .

[226]  Mario R. Eden,et al.  Reverse problem formulation approach to molecular design using property operators based on signature descriptors , 2010, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[227]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Optimal Design of a Distributed Treatment System for Increasing Dissolved Oxygen in Watersheds through Self-Rotating Discs , 2013 .

[228]  Martin Feinberg.  Toward a Theory of Process Synthesis , 2002 .

[229]  Ferenc Friedler,et al.  Incorporating heat integration in batch process scheduling , 2003 .

[230]  Cheng-Liang Chen,et al.  Superstructure-Based MINLP Formulation for Synthesis of Semicontinuous Mass Exchanger Networks , 2006 .

[231]  Patrick Linke,et al.  Optimal waste heat recovery and reuse in industrial zones , 2011 .

[232]  Ignacio E. Grossmann,et al.  Optimal synthesis of heat exchanger networks involving isothermal process streams , 2008, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[233]  Ignacio E. Grossmann,et al.  Optimal synthesis of complex distillation columns using rigorous models , 2005, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[234]  U. V. Shenoy,et al.  Unified conceptual approach to targeting and design of water and hydrogen networks , 2006 .

[235]  Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos,et al.  Scenario-based strategic supply chain design and analysis for the forest biorefinery using an operational supply chain model , 2013 .

[236]  Rosa Rodriguez,et al.  Water use optimization in batch process industries. Part 1: design of the water network , 2008 .

[237]  Toshko Zhelev,et al.  Energy recovery and environmental concerns addressed through emergy–pinch analysis , 2006 .

[238]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  Synthesis of Water Networks Involving Temperature-Based Property Operators and Thermal Effects , 2013 .