Recirculating aquaculture systems - a review

Worldwide aquaculture is an expanding industry and it is suggested that it will, in the future becomes more and more important for the supply of seafood due to decreasing wild capture fisheries. It is proposed that this increase will come from intensifying current production to gain a more efficient outcome. However future aquaculture growth is being challenged by the governmental push for more sustainable and environmentally responsible production. Recirculating aquaculture systems are attempting to satisfy these challenges through minimizing waste output and increasing the recycling of resources. This review will outline the principles and filtration techniques used in current recirculating aquaculture with the inclusion of bacterial processes for nitrification and denitrification. Also examined is current research on the techniques utilised to remove nitrogen species from culture systems. This will hopefully assist in realizing the ultimate aims of 100% recirculating designs and zero emissions. It was concluded from this review that the measure of biological filtration efficiency was at times inaccurate and only applicable for the particular environment examined. The information gained from filter experiments was often difficult to compare to others as there were so many varying factors that were not standardized, which affected the removal rates of the main waste constituents from recirculating aquaculture and render the direct comparison impossible.

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