Modeling the risk of ship grounding—a literature review from a risk management perspective

Ship grounding accidents, being one of the major types of maritime accidents, are significant failures putting in danger maritime transportation systems. Moreover, the risks associated with those failures can be catastrophic for the system, society, and the environment. This highlights the importance of appropriate methodology for assessing and managing the associated risk. Many scholars have introduced a wide range of methods for modeling the risk, utilizing the concept of the probability and the consequence of an accident; however, those models very often employ critical assumptions on the behavior of maritime transportation systems, which may seem not to be supported by evidences. This in turn limits models' ability to mitigate the risks, as those simply remain unknown. Therefore, this article has three aims. First, it proposes a methodological framework suitable for knowledge-based risk modeling, fulfilling the recommendations given by the Formal Safety Assessment issued by the International Maritime Organization. Secondly, it thoroughly reviews and discusses all the existing risk models available in the literature developed for ship grounding risk analysis in light of the proposed risk perspective. Third, the models that are more appropriate for risk management and decision making are highlighted and the recommendations are given to future model developments.