Laser interactions with the cornea.

Principles of laser-tissue interactions in the eye are reviewed. Corneal structure and function are summarized, with particular regard for features related to laser treatment. A summary of argon and carbon dioxide laser techniques in the cornea is presented, followed by a review of studies on corneal response to ultraviolet radiation. A detailed description is then given of the characteristics of excimer laser tissue ablation. Potential applications of this process in corneal and keratorefractive surgery are reviewed.

[1]  Aram Mooradian,et al.  Lasers and Applications , 1981 .

[2]  W. Epstein,et al.  Early Effects of Ultraviolet Light on DNA Synthesis in Human Skin in Vivo , 1969 .

[3]  J. Taboada,et al.  Response of the corneal epithelium to KrF excimer laser pulses. , 1981, Health physics.

[4]  E. Davidson,et al.  The mucopolysaccharides of bovine cornea. , 1953, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[5]  Edward A. Boettner,et al.  Transmission of the Ocular Media , 1962 .

[6]  H. Flynn,et al.  Bacterial endophthalmitis resulting from radial keratotomy. , 1982, American journal of ophthalmology.

[7]  C. Puliafito,et al.  Plasma shielding by Q-switched and mode-locked Nd-YAG lasers. , 1983, Ophthalmology.

[8]  T. Seiler,et al.  NMR-Tomographie des menschlichen Auges , 1986 .

[9]  M. Geis,et al.  Self‐developing UV photoresist using excimer laser exposure , 1983 .

[10]  H Beckman,et al.  Carbon dioxide laser scleral dissection and filtering procedure for glaucoma. , 1979, American journal of ophthalmology.

[11]  H. Kaufman,et al.  Epikeratophakia: the surgical correction of aphakia. III. Preliminary results of a prospective clinical trial. , 1981, Archives of ophthalmology.

[12]  Fyodorov Sn,et al.  Operation of dosaged dissection of corneal circular ligament in cases of myopia of mild degree. , 1979 .

[13]  J. Friedenwald,et al.  Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the corneal epithelium; exposure to monochromatic radiation. , 1948, Journal of cellular and comparative physiology.

[14]  K R Kenyon,et al.  Damage to epithelial basement membrane by thermokeratoplasty. , 1977, American journal of ophthalmology.

[15]  R. Srinivasan,et al.  Self-developing photoetching of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films by far-ultraviolet excimer laser radiation , 1982 .

[16]  R Barraco,et al.  Limbectomies, keratectomies, and keratostomies performed with a rapid-pulsed carbon dioxide laser. , 1971, American journal of ophthalmology.

[17]  R Linsker,et al.  Ultraviolet-laser ablation of skin. , 1985, Archives of dermatology.

[18]  J. Krachmer,et al.  Surgical correction of high postkeratoplasty astigmatism. Relaxing incisions vs wedge resection. , 1980, Archives of ophthalmology.

[19]  A. Dougherty,et al.  Flow dichroism evidence for tilting of the bases when DNA is in solution. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  R. F. Donaldson,et al.  Reduction of laser-induced pathologic tissue injury using pulsed energy delivery. , 1985, The American journal of cardiology.

[21]  A. Ringvold.  DAMAGE OF THE CORNEA EPITHELIUM CAUSED BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION , 1983, Acta ophthalmologica.

[22]  P. Dyer,et al.  Excimer laser ablation and thermal coupling efficiency to polymer films , 1985 .

[23]  G. Klintworth.  The cornea--structure and macromolecules in health and disease. A review. , 1977, The American journal of pathology.

[24]  M Gross,et al.  Keratorefractive surgery with the excimer laser. , 1985, American journal of ophthalmology.

[25]  W S Grundfest,et al.  Laser ablation of human atherosclerotic plaque without adjacent tissue injury. , 1985, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[26]  A C Terry,et al.  Neodymium-YAG laser for posterior capsulotomy. , 1983, American journal of ophthalmology.

[27]  Carmen A. Puliafito,et al.  Erbium-YAG laser surgery on experimental vitreous membranes. , 1984 .

[28]  R. Wallace,et al.  The ocular effects produced by experimental lasers. IV. The argon laser. , 1968, American journal of ophthalmology.

[29]  C. B. Tallman,et al.  Prevention of corneal vascularization. , 1968, American journal of ophthalmology-glaucoma.

[30]  C. Puliafito,et al.  Corneal endothelial injury in rabbits following excimer laser ablation at 193 and 248 nm. , 1986, Archives of ophthalmology.

[31]  G. Lavergne,et al.  COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ACTION OF THIOTEPA AND TRIAMCINOLONE ON CORNEAL VASCULARIZATION IN RABBITS* , 1964, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[32]  A. Patz,et al.  Argon laser photocoagulation. Advantages and limitations. , 1971, Transactions - American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology.

[33]  Galbavy Ej.  Use of diamond knives in ocular surgery. , 1984 .

[34]  S. M. Mac Rae,et al.  The effect of radial keratotomy on the corneal endothelium. , 1985, American journal of ophthalmology.

[35]  M. Geis,et al.  Self‐developing resist with submicrometer resolution and processing stability , 1983 .

[36]  J. Barraquer.  Keratomileusis for myopia and aphakia. , 1981, Ophthalmology.

[37]  K. Hoffer,et al.  UCLA clinical trial of radial keratotomy. Preliminary report. , 1981, Ophthalmology.

[38]  J R LOOFBOUROW,et al.  Studies on the ultraviolet absorption spectra of collagen. , 1949, Archives of biochemistry.

[39]  N. S. Kapany,et al.  Retinal Photocoagulation by Lasers , 1963, Nature.

[40]  Jon V. Thomas,et al.  Photocoagulation in glaucoma and anterior segment disease , 1984 .

[41]  G. Gorodetsky,et al.  Calorimetric and acoustic study of ultraviolet laser ablation of polymers , 1985 .

[42]  F Hillenkamp,et al.  Excimer laser ablation of the cornea and lens. Experimental studies. , 1985, Ophthalmology.

[43]  J Mellerio,et al.  The thermal nature of retinal laser photocoagulation. , 1966, Experimental eye research.

[44]  K. Wilhelmus,et al.  Bacterial Keratitis following Radial Keratotomy , 1983 .

[45]  R. Linsker,et al.  Far‐ultraviolet laser ablation of atherosclerotic lesions , 1984, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[46]  B. S. Fine,et al.  Corneal injury threshold to carbon dioxide laser irradiation. , 1968, American journal of ophthalmology.

[47]  I L Freeman,et al.  Collagen polymorphism in mature rabbit cornea. , 1978, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[48]  D. Wetlaufer,et al.  Ultraviolet spectra Of Proteins and Amino Acids , 1963 .

[49]  J. Parrish.  Ultraviolet-laser ablation. , 1985, Archives of dermatology.

[50]  T. Tanishima,et al.  Influence of argon laser treatment of glaucoma on corneal endothelium. , 1983, Japanese journal of ophthalmology.

[51]  A. Garner,et al.  Corneal neovascularization treated with argon laser. , 1976, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[52]  S. K. Searles,et al.  Stimulated emission at 281.8 nm from XeBr , 1975 .

[53]  C. Swinger,et al.  Keratophakia and keratomileusis--clinical results. , 1981, Ophthalmology.

[54]  D. Sanders,et al.  Intraocular pressure and the corneal endothelium after neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Relative effects of aphakia and pseudophakia. , 1985, Archives of ophthalmology.

[55]  S. D'Anna,et al.  Corneal endothelial changes after argon-laser iridotomy and panretinal photocoagulation. , 1982, American journal of ophthalmology.

[56]  I. Kochevar.  Basic Concepts in Photobiology , 1983 .

[57]  C. Puliafito,et al.  Neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet laser surgery on experimental vitreous membranes , 1984 .

[58]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  Time-resolved studies of Nd:YAG laser-induced breakdown. Plasma formation, acoustic wave generation, and cavitation. , 1985, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[59]  R R Krueger,et al.  Excimer laser therapy for experimental Candida keratitis. , 1985, American journal of ophthalmology.

[60]  B. Ames,et al.  Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals: discussion. , 1976, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[61]  P. Bornstein,et al.  Structurally distinct collagen types. , 1980, Annual review of biochemistry.

[62]  Francis Heed Adler,et al.  Adler's Physiology of the eye;: Clinical application , 1976 .

[63]  J. Salz,et al.  Changes in corneal thickness during radial keratotomy. , 1981, Ophthalmic surgery.

[64]  J. Rowsey,et al.  Preliminary results and complications of radial keratotomy. , 1982, American journal of ophthalmology.

[65]  H. Weichel,et al.  Carbon dioxide laser beam control for corneal surgery. , 1981, Ophthalmic surgery.

[66]  R. Bonner,et al.  Phototransection of vitreal membranes with the carbon dioxide laser in rabbits. , 1983, Ophthalmology.

[67]  Franz Hillenkamp,et al.  Interaction between Laser Radiation and Biological Systems , 1980 .

[68]  P. H. Key,et al.  Direct etching of polymeric materials using a XeCl laser , 1983 .

[69]  Bodil Braren,et al.  Ablative photodecomposition of polymer films by pulsed far‐ultraviolet (193 nm) laser radiation: Dependence of etch depth on experimental conditions , 1984 .

[70]  W. Mayer.  Cryotherapy in corneal vascularization. , 1967, Archives of ophthalmology.

[71]  E. Davidson,et al.  Chondroitin, a new mucopolysaccharide. , 1954, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[72]  J. B. Wise,et al.  Argon laser therapy for open-angle glaucoma. A pilot study. , 1979, Archives of ophthalmology.

[73]  J H Tips,et al.  Retinal-temperature increases produced by intense light sources. , 1970, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[74]  T. Bridges,et al.  Syneresis of Vitreous by Carbon Dioxide Laser Radiation , 1983, Science.

[75]  D. G. Pitts.  A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON THE EYE* , 1970, American journal of optometry and archives of American Academy of Optometry.

[76]  R R Krueger,et al.  Interaction of ultraviolet laser light with the cornea. , 1985, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[77]  G. Kavli,et al.  LIGHT PENETRATION OF NORMAL AND PHOTOKERATITIS INDUCED RABBIT CORNEA , 1984, Acta ophthalmologica.

[78]  F. L’esperance.  Clinical photocoagulation with the krypton laser. , 1972, Archives of ophthalmology.

[79]  D. J. Cannon,et al.  Quantitative analysis of the collagens in the bovine cornea. , 1979, Experimental eye research.

[80]  N. A. Peppers,et al.  Corneal Damage Thresholds for CO(2) Laser Radiation. , 1969, Applied optics.

[81]  S. Trokel,et al.  Excimer laser surgery of the cornea. , 1983, American journal of ophthalmology.

[82]  On Corneal Damage Thresholds for CO(2) Laser Radiation. , 1969, Applied optics.

[83]  M A Mainster,et al.  Ophthalmic applications of infrared lasers -- thermal considerations. , 1979, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[84]  M. Karayannis,et al.  A study of the molar absorptivity of ascorbic acid at different wavelengths and pH values. , 1977, Analytica chimica acta.

[85]  D. Maurice,et al.  The Cornea and Sclera , 1962 .

[86]  S. Miglior,et al.  Vitreous changes after neodymium-YAG laser photodisruption. , 1986, Archives of ophthalmology.

[87]  J. L. Green,et al.  Role of the CO2 laser in chorioretino-iridocyclectomy. , 1981, Ophthalmic surgery.

[88]  R J Marsh,et al.  Treatment of lipid keratopathy with the argon laser. , 1982, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[89]  J. J. Vos,et al.  Spectral transmission of the human ocular media. , 1974, Vision research.

[90]  G. Peyman,et al.  Modification of rabbit corneal curvature with use of carbon dioxide laser burns. , 1980, Ophthalmic surgery.

[91]  Sylvain Lazare,et al.  Controlled modification of organic polymer surfaces by continuous wave far-ultraviolet (185 nm) and pulsed-laser (193 nm) radiation: XPS studies , 1984 .

[92]  M. Wolbarsht,et al.  Laser surgery: CO2or HF , 1984, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[93]  C. Puliafito,et al.  Quantitative and ultrastructural studies of excimer laser ablation of the cornea at 193 and 248 nanometers , 1987, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[94]  A. Ringvold.  CORNEA AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION , 1980, Acta ophthalmologica.

[95]  Excimer lasers offer promise in surgical applications , 1985 .

[96]  D. Cogan,et al.  Action spectrum of keratitis produced by ultraviolet radiation. , 1946, Archives of ophthalmology.

[97]  M A Konstam,et al.  The excimer laser: gross, light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis of potential advantages for use in laser therapy of cardiovascular disease. , 1985, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[98]  D A Newsome,et al.  Human corneal stroma contains three distinct collagens. , 1982, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[99]  Howard M. Leibowitz,et al.  CORNEAL INJURY PRODUCED BY CARBON DIOXIDE LASER RADIATION. , 1969 .

[100]  C. Fromer,et al.  Induced corneal vascularization remission with argon laser therapy. , 1975, Archives of ophthalmology.

[101]  R. Srinivasan,et al.  Microscopic model for the ablative photodecomposition of polymers by far‐ultraviolet radiation (193 nm) , 1984 .

[102]  D H Sliney,et al.  Laser photodisruptors. Damage mechanisms, instrument design and safety. , 1983, Ophthalmology.

[103]  E. V. Hulse,et al.  Lasers in Biology and Medicine , 1968 .

[104]  G. H. Beaven,et al.  Ultraviolet absorption spectra of proteins and amino acids. , 1952, Advances in protein chemistry.

[105]  Gad Koren,et al.  CO2 laser assisted UV ablative photoetching of Kapton films , 1984 .

[106]  J R Wolter,et al.  Argon laser photocoagulation of a vitreo-corneal adhesion after trauma. , 1982, Ophthalmic surgery.

[107]  S. Trokel,et al.  Excimer laser radial keratotomy. , 1985, Ophthalmology.

[108]  K. Smith.  Physical and chemical changes induced in nucleic acids by ultraviolet light. , 1966, Radiation research.

[109]  R. Srinivasan,et al.  Theory of etching of polymers by far-ultraviolet high-intensity pulsed laser- and long-term irradiation , 1984 .

[110]  G A Peyman,et al.  Ocular effects of various laser wavelengths. , 1984, Survey of ophthalmology.

[111]  Walter. Slavin,et al.  Stray Light in Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometry. , 1963 .

[112]  J. Marshall,et al.  An ultrastructural study of corneal incisions induced by an excimer laser at 193 nm. , 1985, Ophthalmology.

[113]  W. Green,et al.  Stromal damage in rabbit corneas exposed to CO2 laser radiation. , 1983, Experimental eye research.

[114]  E. Berman,et al.  Biochemical Heterogeneity of the Corneal Glycosaminoglycans , 1970 .

[115]  C. Fotakis,et al.  Spectroscopic studies of ArF laser photoablation of PMMA , 1985 .

[116]  C. Swinger,et al.  Keratophakia: a preliminary evaluation. , 1979, Ophthalmology.

[117]  B S Fine,et al.  Preliminary observations on ocular effects of high-power, continuous co-2 laser irradiation. , 1967, American journal of ophthalmology.

[118]  A. Pirie.  Ascorbic acid content of cornea. , 1946, The Biochemical journal.

[119]  G. Koren,et al.  Emission spectra, surface quality, and mechanism of excimer laser etching of polyimide films , 1984 .

[120]  R R Krueger,et al.  Quantitation of corneal ablation by ultraviolet laser light. , 1985, Archives of ophthalmology.

[121]  A. Ringvold,et al.  CHANGES OF THE CORNEA ENDOTHELIUM AFTER ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION , 1982, Acta ophthalmologica.

[122]  R. Wallace,et al.  Ocular Effects Produced by Experimental Lasers: II. Carbon Dioxide Laser , 1968 .

[123]  L. Margaritis,et al.  Response of the cornea to far ultraviolet light: an ultrastructural study. , 1979, Annals of ophthalmology.

[124]  J. Rowsey,et al.  Diamond knife corneal incisions. , 1984, Ophthalmic surgery.

[125]  S. Hayreh,et al.  Hematoporphyrin photoradiation therapy for iris neovascularization. A preliminary report. , 1984, Archives of ophthalmology.

[126]  J. B. Miller,et al.  Transvitreal carbon dioxide laser photocautery and vitrectomy. , 1978, Ophthalmology.

[127]  J. Kuszak,et al.  Effects of XeCl excimer laser on the eyelid and anterior segment structures. , 1986, Archives of ophthalmology.

[128]  V E KINSEY,et al.  Spectral transmission of the eye to ultraviolet radiations. , 1948, Archives of ophthalmology.

[129]  R. E. Ellis,et al.  Treatment of corneal vascularisation by strontium 90 beta plaque. , 1962, Clinical symposia.

[130]  A BACHEM,et al.  Ophthalmic ultraviolet action spectra. , 1956, American journal of ophthalmology.

[131]  S. Zigman,et al.  NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM OF THE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM. , 1963, Experimental eye research.

[132]  G. Smolin,et al.  The Cornea: Scientific foundations and clinical practice , 1983 .

[133]  Thermal and Acoustic Techniques for Monitoring Pulsed Laser Processing , 1984 .

[134]  Curtis L. Meinert,et al.  Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the second report of diabetic retinopathy study findings. , 1978, Ophthalmology.

[135]  J A Zuclich.  Ultraviolet induced damage in the primate cornea and retina. , 1984, Current eye research.

[136]  T. Sato,et al.  A new surgical approach to myopia. , 1953, American journal of ophthalmology.

[137]  J. Salz,et al.  Refractive corneal surgery , 1986 .

[138]  L. Wilson,et al.  Slit-lamp microscopic appearance of corneal wound healing after radial keratotomy. , 1985, American journal of ophthalmology.

[139]  Cherry Pm,et al.  Argon laser treatment of corneal neovascularization. , 1973 .

[140]  J H Tips,et al.  Corneal Thermal Response to the CO(2) Laser. , 1970, Applied optics.

[141]  T. Maiman.  Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby , 1960, Nature.

[142]  A. Stone.  Optical rotary dispersion of mucopolysaccharides III. Ultraviolet circular dichroism and conformation al specificity in amide groups , 1971, Biopolymers.

[143]  Michael J. Pellin,et al.  Endoexcimer laser intraocular ablative photodecomposition. , 1985, American journal of ophthalmology.

[144]  A. Gasset,et al.  Thermokeratoplasty in the treatment of keratoconus. , 1975, American journal of ophthalmology.

[145]  W. Green,et al.  Posterior corneal pigmentation and fibrous proliferation by iris melanocytes. , 1981, Archives of ophthalmology.

[146]  Kendric C. Smith.  Ultraviolet Radiation Effects on Molecules and Cells , 1977 .

[147]  J. Rowsey,et al.  Predicting the results of radial keratotomy. , 1983, Ophthalmology.

[148]  I. C. Michaelson.  Effect of cortisone upon corneal vascularization produced experimentally. , 1952, A.M.A. archives of ophthalmology.

[149]  Edwin S Beatrice,et al.  Ocular Effects of Relatively 'Eye Safe' Lasers. , 1982 .

[150]  J. Trosko,et al.  Evidence for excision of ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers from the DNA of human cells in vitro. , 1968, Biophysical journal.

[151]  R. Srinivasan,et al.  Ablative photodecomposition: action of far-ultraviolet (193 nm) laser radiation on poly(ethylene terephthalate) films , 1982 .

[152]  C. Puliafito,et al.  Excimer laser ablation of the lens. , 1986, Archives of ophthalmology.

[153]  R. Srinivasan,et al.  Kinetics of the ablative photodecomposition of organic polymers in the far ultraviolet (193 nm) , 1983 .

[154]  W. O'brien.  Measurement of corneal DNA content. , 1979, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[155]  Edwin S Beatrice,et al.  Biological Research in Support of Project MILES. , 1981 .

[156]  J. Friedenwald,et al.  Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on corneal epithelium; mitosis, nuclear fragmentation, post-traumatic cell movements, loss of tissue cohesion. , 1945, Journal of cellular and comparative physiology.