Importância e vantagem da citometria de fluxo frente aos testes de triagem no diagnóstico da hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disease of the hematopoietic stem cell caused by a somatic mutation in the PIG-A gene, resulting in the inability of erythrocytes, granulocytes and platelets to protect themselves against complement system mediated lysis. Thus, PNH screening tests (Ham's test and CD55 e CD59 proteins investigation through gel column agglutination) were evaluated using flow cytometry, a test useful to detect and measure the PNH clone. Initially, 63 patients evaluated using the Ham's test between January 2003 and December 2004 from the Hemope Foundation were selected. From these, 15 cases were positive for PNH. The inclusion criterion for cytometry evaluation was a positive Ham's test. Thus, four patients were included in the study group. Furthermore, two cases with clinical symptoms of the disease but with negative results for PNH were included in this group. Negative results were explained by the gel test being performed after blood transfusion, giving a suspicion of false negative results. These six cases were submitted to flow cytometry with all cases proving to be positive for the disease as the PNH clone was confirmed, to different degrees, in both erythrocytes and granulocytes. The flow cytometry results proved the limitation of screening tests as well as showing the importance of cytometry in the identification of the intense variations of clone guaranteeing precise diagnosis in previously transfused patients.