Effects of geometry and flow rate on secondary flow and the mixing process in static mixers—a numerical study

A method based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for the characterization of static mixers using the Z factor, helicity and the rate of striation thinning is presented. These measures were found to be well-suited for the characterization of static mixers as they reflect the pressure drop, the formation of secondary flow, i.e. vortices, and their effect on the mixing process. Two commercial static mixers, the Kenics KM and Lightnin Series 45, have been characterized. In the mixers investigated, secondary flow is formed in the flow at the element intersections and due to the curvature of the mixer elements. The intensity of the vortices is higher in the Lightnin than the Kenics mixer due to edges in the middle of the Lightnin mixer elements. The formation of vortices affects the Z factor by an increase in the power requirement, and the rate of striation thinning by an increase in the stretching of the striations. The formation of vortices was observed at a Reynolds number of 10 in both mixers with aspect ratios of 1.5. However, the intensity of the vortices was greater in the Lightnin than the Kenics mixer, which was observed in not only the magnitude of the helicity, but also the Z factor, rate of striation thinning and the distribution of striation thickness. The distribution in striation thickness is shifted towards thin striations as the flow rate is increased from below to above the Reynolds numbers of which vortices were first observed, but some striations still pass the mixer elements almost unaffected, which can be seen in the skewness of the distribution of the striation thickness, which shifts from being negative to positive. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.