Surface emission determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from a closed industrial waste landfill using a self-designed static flux chamber.

Closed landfills can be a source of VOC and odorous nuisances to their atmospheric surroundings. A self-designed cylindrical air flux chamber was used to measure VOC surface emissions in a closed industrial landfill located in Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain. The two main objectives of the study were the evaluation of the performance of the chamber setup in typical measurement conditions and the determination of the emission rates of 60 different VOC from that industrial landfill, generating a valuable database that can be useful in future studies related to industrial landfill management. Triplicate samples were taken in five selected sampling points. VOC were sampled dynamically using multi-sorbent bed tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack X, Carboxen 569) connected to SKC AirCheck 2000 pumps. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption coupled with a capillary gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry detector. The emission rates of sixty VOC were calculated for each sampling point in an effort to characterize surface emissions. To calculate average, minimum and maximum emission values for each VOC, the results were analyzed by three different methods: Global, Kriging and Tributary area. Global and Tributary area methodologies presented similar values, with total VOC emissions of 237 ± 48 and 222 ± 46 g day(-1), respectively; however, Kriging values were lower, 77 ± 17 gd ay(-1). The main contributors to the total emission rate were aldehydes (nonanal and decanal), acetic acid, ketones (acetone), aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols. Most aromatic hydrocarbon (except benzene, naphthalene and methylnaphthalenes) and aldehyde emission rates exhibited strong correlations with the rest of VOC of their family, indicating a possible common source of these compounds. B:T ratio obtained from the emission rates of the studied landfill suggested that the factors that regulate aromatic hydrocarbon distributions in the landfill emissions are different from the ones from urban areas. Environmental conditions (atmospheric pressure, temperature and relative humidity) did not alter the pollutant emission fluxes.

[1]  S. Tarlo,et al.  The health effects of non-industrial indoor air pollution. , 2008, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[2]  Bryan L. Woodbury,et al.  Odorous VOC emission following land application of swine manure slurry , 2013 .

[3]  Ki‐Hyun Kim,et al.  The distributions of BTEX compounds in the ambient atmosphere of the Nan-Ji-Do abandoned landfill site in Seoul , 2002 .

[4]  Peter Schreiber,et al.  Comparison of static chambers to measure CH4 emissions from soils , 2013 .

[5]  S. O. Petersen,et al.  A comprehensive approach to soil‐atmosphere trace‐gas flux estimation with static chambers , 2010 .

[6]  R. Doong,et al.  Effect of substrate concentration on the biotransformation of carbon tetrachloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane under anaerobic condition , 1996 .

[7]  Bryan L. Woodbury,et al.  Standardization of flux chamber and wind tunnel flux measurements for quantifying volatile organic compound and ammonia emissions from area sources at animal feeding operations , 2013 .

[8]  Mutasem El-Fadel,et al.  Emission assessment at the Burj Hammoud inactive municipal landfill: viability of landfill gas recovery under the clean development mechanism. , 2012, Waste management.

[9]  A. Jones-Lee,et al.  Impact of Municipal and Industrial Non-Hazardous Waste Landfills on Public Health and the Environment : An Overview , 2013 .

[10]  Ki‐Hyun Kim,et al.  Major aromatic VOC in the ambient air in the proximity of an urban landfill facility. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[11]  William T Winberry,et al.  Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air, June 1988 , 1988 .

[12]  F. González-Barcala,et al.  Indoor air contaminants and their impact on respiratory pathologies. , 2013, Archivos de bronconeumologia.

[13]  P. Rochette.  Towards a standard non-steady-state chamber methodology for measuring soil N2O emissions , 2011 .

[14]  Aykan Karademir,et al.  Health risk assessment of BTEX emissions in the landfill environment. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[15]  Julia Gebert,et al.  Passive landfill gas emission - Influence of atmospheric pressure and implications for the operation of methane-oxidising biofilters. , 2006, Waste management.

[16]  Xavier Roca,et al.  Development and validation of a method for air-quality and nuisance odors monitoring of volatile organic compounds using multi-sorbent adsorption and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry thermal desorption system. , 2007, Journal of chromatography. A.

[17]  S. Yates,et al.  Laboratory study of closed and dynamic flux chambers : Experimental results and implications for field application , 1998 .

[18]  C E Kolb,et al.  The influence of atmospheric pressure on landfill methane emissions. , 2003, Waste management.

[19]  N Hudson,et al.  Odour sampling. 2. Comparison of physical and aerodynamic characteristics of sampling devices: a review. , 2008, Bioresource Technology.

[20]  J. Chovelon,et al.  Study of the VOC emissions from a municipal solid waste storage pilot-scale cell: comparison with biogases from municipal waste landfill site. , 2011, Waste management.

[21]  Jun Wang,et al.  Investigation of speciated VOC in gasoline vehicular exhaust under ECE and EUDC test cycles. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[22]  Jin-Won Park,et al.  Surface emission of landfill gas from solid waste landfill , 2001 .

[23]  D. Blake,et al.  Comparative oxidation and net emissions of methane and selected non-methane organic compounds in landfill cover soils. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[24]  S. Moretti,et al.  Degradation of C2-C15 volatile organic compounds in a landfill cover soil. , 2009, The Science of the total environment.

[25]  Long-Path Open-Path Fourier.  Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air , 1999 .

[26]  W. Zhao,et al.  Assessment of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) near major roads in urban Nanjing, China , 2008 .

[27]  William J. Massman,et al.  Influence of high-frequency ambient pressure pumping on carbon dioxide efflux from soil , 2004 .

[28]  F. González-Barcala,et al.  Contaminación del aire interior y su impacto en la patología respiratoria , 2013 .

[29]  Janne Rinne,et al.  Evaluation of accuracy in measurements of VOC emissions with dynamic chamber system , 2012 .

[30]  Richard E. Doherty,et al.  A History of the Production and Use of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the United States: Part 2--Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane , 2000 .

[31]  Jesper Riis Christiansen,et al.  Assessing the effects of chamber placement, manual sampling and headspace mixing on CH4 fluxes in a laboratory experiment , 2011, Plant and Soil.

[32]  J W F Morris,et al.  Measured gas emissions from four landfills in South Africa and some implications for landfill design and methane recovery in semi-arid climates , 2004, Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA.

[33]  C. Chan,et al.  Characterization of ambient volatile organic compounds at a landfill site in Guangzhou, South China. , 2003, Chemosphere.

[34]  Woojin Lee,et al.  Effects of transition metal and sulfide on the reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane by FeS. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[35]  V. Mugica,et al.  Hydrocarbon source apportionment in Mexico City using the chemical mass balance receptor model , 2000 .

[36]  D. Blake,et al.  Atmospheric emissions and attenuation of non-methane organic compounds in cover soils at a French landfill. , 2008, Waste management.

[37]  Zaid Chalabi,et al.  Modelling inhalation exposure to combustion-related air pollutants in residential buildings: Application to health impact assessment. , 2011, Environment international.

[38]  L. Naeher,et al.  A review of traffic-related air pollution exposure assessment studies in the developing world. , 2006, Environment international.

[39]  C. Chemel,et al.  Odour-impact assessment around a landfill site from weather-type classification, complaint inventory and numerical simulation. , 2012, Journal of environmental management.

[40]  T. N. Lan,et al.  Daily roadside BTEX concentrations in East Asia measured by the Lanwatsu, Radiello and Ultra I SKS passive samplers. , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[41]  Gang Liu,et al.  Multi-layer diffusion model and error analysis applied to chamber-based gas fluxes measurements. , 2009 .

[42]  M A Barlaz,et al.  Evaluation of a biologically active cover for mitigation of landfill gas emissions. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[43]  V Simon,et al.  The impact of reduction in the benzene limit value in gasoline on airborne benzene, toluene and xylenes levels. , 2004, The Science of the total environment.

[44]  T. Kuiken,et al.  Dynamic flux chamber measurement of gaseous mercury emission fluxes over soils: Part 2—effect of flushing flow rate and verification of a two-resistance exchange interface simulation model , 2002 .

[45]  A. Wisthaler,et al.  Long-term measurements of CO, NO, NO2, benzene, toluene and PM10 at a motorway location in an Austrian valley , 2008 .

[46]  Methane oxidation at a surface-sealed boreal landfill. , 2009, Waste management.