Attention and recognition learning by adaptive resonance

[1]  William D. Hopkins,et al.  Physiological plasticity of single neurons in auditory cortex of the cat during acquisition of the pupillary conditioned response: I. Primary field (AI). , 1984 .

[2]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Event-related potentials during selective attention to speech sounds , 1983, Biological Psychology.

[3]  T. Imig,et al.  Sources and terminations of callosal axons related to binaural and frequency maps in primary auditory cortex of the cat , 1978, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[4]  H. Spitzer,et al.  Increased attention enhances both behavioral and neuronal performance. , 1988, Science.

[5]  J. Kropotov,et al.  Subcortical neuronal correlates of component P300 in man. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[6]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Combined use of microreflexes and event-related brain potentials as measures of auditory selective attention. , 1987, Psychophysiology.

[7]  M. Dawson,et al.  Is elicitation of the autonomic orienting response associated with allocation of processing resources? , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[8]  Chris L. S. Coryn,et al.  Short-term memory , 1975 .

[9]  A. Treisman.  SELECTIVE ATTENTION IN MAN. , 1964, British medical bulletin.

[10]  B S Kopell,et al.  Auditory evoked potentials to unpredictable shifts in pitch. , 1976, Psychophysiology.

[11]  Joachim Hoffmann,et al.  Knowledge Aided Information Processing , 1987 .

[12]  Patricia T. Michie,et al.  The nature of selective attention effects on auditory event-related potentials , 1990, Biological Psychology.

[13]  P E Roland,et al.  Focal activations of human cerebral cortex during auditory discrimination. , 1981, Journal of neurophysiology.

[14]  E. John,et al.  Evoked-Potential Correlates of Stimulus Uncertainty , 1965, Science.

[15]  D. G. Wastell,et al.  Fast habituation of the late components of the visual evoked potential in man , 1980, Physiology & Behavior.

[16]  S. Zeki.  Colour coding in the cerebral cortex: The responses of wavelength-selective and colour-coded cells in monkey visual cortex to changes in wavelength composition , 1983, Neuroscience.

[17]  E J Sirevaag,et al.  Effects of foveal task load on visual-spatial attention: event-related brain potentials and performance. , 1988, Psychophysiology.

[18]  Wayne A. Wickelgren,et al.  Associative strength theory of recognition memory for pitch , 1969 .

[19]  K. Fieandt,et al.  The perceptual world , 1977 .

[20]  R. Näätänen.  The neural-specificity theory of visual selective attention evaluated: A commentary on Harter and Aine , 1986, Biological Psychology.

[21]  Helen J. Neville,et al.  Attention to central and peripheral visual space in a movement detection task: an event-related potential and behavioral study. I. Normal hearing adults , 1987, Brain Research.

[22]  D. Diamond,et al.  Physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: Rapid induction by learning , 1987, Progress in Neurobiology.

[23]  Tsunetaka Okita,et al.  Event-related potentials and selective attention to auditory stimuli varying in pitch and localization , 1979, Biological Psychology.

[24]  A. Lambert,et al.  Selective Attention, Visual Laterality, Awareness, and Perceiving the Meaning of Parafoveally Presented Words , 1988, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[25]  H G Vaughan,et al.  Event-related potential correlates of two stages of information processing in physical and semantic discrimination tasks. , 1983, Psychophysiology.

[26]  E. Gibson,et al.  The "visual cliff". , 1960, Scientific American.

[27]  K. Reinikainen,et al.  Do event-related potentials reveal the mechanism of the auditory sensory memory in the human brain? , 1989, Neuroscience Letters.

[28]  B. Farell,et al.  Same-different judgments: a review of current controversies in perceptual comparisons. , 1985, Psychological bulletin.

[29]  R. Hari,et al.  Reactions of human auditory cortex to a change in tone duration , 1989, Hearing Research.

[30]  Donald Laming,et al.  Précis of Sensory Analysis , 1988, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[31]  K. Reinikainen,et al.  Event-related brain potential of human newborns to pitch change of an acoustic stimulus. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[32]  M. Kutas,et al.  Neural correlates of encoding in an incidental learning paradigm. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[33]  George Sperling,et al.  The information available in brief visual presentations. , 1960 .

[34]  J. Wolpaw,et al.  A temporal component of the auditory evoked response. , 1975, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[35]  S. Hillyard,et al.  The division of attention and the human auditory evoked potential , 1977, Neuropsychologia.

[36]  William D. Willis,et al.  Sensory-Motor Integration in the Nervous System , 1984 .

[37]  Daniel Holender,et al.  Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal , 1986, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[38]  S. Hillyard,et al.  The neural basis of visual selective attention: A commentary on Harter and Aine , 1986, Biological Psychology.

[39]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Endogenous brain potentials associated with selective auditory attention. , 1980, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[40]  Raja Parasuraman,et al.  Varieties of attention , 1984 .

[41]  M. Goldberg,et al.  Visuospatial and motor attention in the monkey , 1987, Neuropsychologia.

[42]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Event-related brain potentials and selective attention to acoustic and phonetic cues , 1978, Biological Psychology.

[43]  D. P. Phillips,et al.  Intracortical connections and their physiological correlates in the primary auditory cortex (AI) of the cat , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[44]  Raimo Anttila,et al.  An introduction to historical and comparative linguistics , 1974 .

[45]  John T. Cacioppo,et al.  Techniques in Psychophysiology , 1980 .

[46]  R. Näätänen,et al.  Auditory frequency discrimination and event-related potentials. , 1985, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[47]  Geoffrey Underwood,et al.  Lexical recognition of embedded unattended words: Some implications for reading processes☆ , 1981 .

[48]  R. Hari,et al.  Multi-SQUID recordings of human cerebral magnetic fields may give information about memory processes , 1989 .

[49]  Karl H. Pribram,et al.  Psychophysiology of the frontal lobes , 1973 .

[50]  Risto Näätänen,et al.  Processing of the unattended message during selective dichotic listening , 1986, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[51]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Visual evoked potentials and selective attention to points in space , 1977 .

[52]  V. Glezer,et al.  Studies on visual pattern recognition in man and animals. , 1974, Vision research.

[53]  A. Spoor,et al.  The Evoked Auditory Response (Ear) to Intensity Modulated and Frequency Modulated Tones and Tone Bursts , 1969 .

[54]  R. Parasuraman,et al.  Auditory evoked potentials and divided attention. , 1978, Psychophysiology.

[55]  A. Treisman,et al.  A feature-integration theory of attention , 1980, Cognitive Psychology.

[56]  R. Eason.  Visual evoked potential correlates of early neural filtering during selective attention , 1981 .

[57]  A Treisman,et al.  Semantic processing in dichotic listening? A replication , 1974, Memory & cognition.

[58]  M. Hämäläinen,et al.  Neuromagnetic responses of human auditory cortex to interruptions in a steady rhythm , 1989, Neuroscience Letters.

[59]  K. Reinikainen,et al.  Do event-related potentials to infrequent decrements in duration of auditory stimuli demonstrate a memory trace in man? , 1989, Neuroscience Letters.

[60]  Gert Pfurtscheller,et al.  Functional Brain Imaging , 1989 .

[61]  D. Bouwhuis,et al.  Attention and performance X : control of language processes , 1986 .

[62]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Human auditory evoked potentials. I. Evaluation of components. , 1974, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[63]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  Mind and brain: Dialogues in cognitive neuroscience , 1986 .

[64]  G. Logan,et al.  On the Use of a Concurrent Memory Load to Measure Attention and Automaticity , 1979 .

[65]  R. Verleger.  Event-related potentials and cognition: A critique of the context updating hypothesis and an alternative interpretation of P3 , 1988, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[66]  D. Woods,et al.  The habituation of event-related potentials to speech sounds and tones. , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[67]  M. R. Harter,et al.  Event-related potentials, spatial orienting, and reading disabilities. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[68]  T. Picton,et al.  The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: a review and an analysis of the component structure. , 1987, Psychophysiology.

[69]  B. Libet.  Brain stimulation in the study of neuronal functions for conscious sensory experiences. , 1982, Human neurobiology.

[70]  R. Haber.  The impending demise of the icon: A critique of the concept of iconic storage in visual information processing , 1983, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[71]  Risto Näätänen,et al.  Selective Attention and Evoked Potentials , 1970 .

[72]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Selective attention to color and location: An analysis with event-related brain potentials , 1984, Perception & psychophysics.

[73]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Cross-modal selective attention effects on retinal, myogenic, brainstem, and cerebral evoked potentials. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[74]  S A Hillyard,et al.  Effects of stimulation rate and attribute cuing on event-related potentials during selective auditory attention. , 1984, Psychophysiology.

[75]  Stephen E. Newstead,et al.  Lexical and Grammatical Processing of Unshadowed Messages: A Re-Examination of the Mackay Effect , 1979 .

[76]  E. N. Sokolov.  Higher nervous functions; the orienting reflex. , 1963, Annual review of physiology.

[77]  A Pfefferbaum,et al.  Event-related potentials to time-deviant and pitch-deviant tones. , 1988, Psychophysiology.

[78]  T W Picton,et al.  Human auditory steady-state evoked potentials during selective attention. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[79]  R. Näätänen,et al.  Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted. , 1978, Acta psychologica.

[80]  C Elberling,et al.  Threshold characteristics of the human auditory brain stem response. , 1987, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[81]  H. A. Beagley,et al.  Acoustic brainstem responses for clinical use: the effect of attention. , 1985, Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences.

[82]  D P Crowne,et al.  The frontal eye field and attention. , 1983, Psychological bulletin.

[83]  A. Young,et al.  Aspects of face processing , 1986 .

[84]  M. Woldorff,et al.  Mechanisms of auditory selective attention as revealed by event-related potentials. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[85]  J. D. Gould.  Pattern recognition and eye-movement parameters , 1967 .

[86]  J. Warm.  Sustained attention in human performance , 1984 .

[87]  J. D. Gould,et al.  Eye movements during visual search and discrimination of meaningless, symbol, and object patterns. , 1970, Journal of experimental psychology.

[88]  M. H. Goldstein,et al.  Evoked unit activity in auditory cortex of monkeys performing a selective attention task , 1976, Brain Research.

[89]  S. Hillyard.  Selective auditory attention and early event-related potentials: a rejoinder. , 1981, Canadian journal of psychology.

[90]  J. Mäkelä,et al.  Magnetic responses of the human auditory cortex to noise/square wave transitions. , 1988, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[91]  Tsunetaka Okita,et al.  Selective attention and event-related potentials , 1985 .

[92]  N. Cowan.  Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. , 1988, Psychological bulletin.

[93]  D. Siddle,et al.  Orienting and habituation : perspectives in human research , 1983 .

[94]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Long-latency evoked potentials to irrelevant, deviant stimuli. , 1976, Behavioral biology.

[95]  J Risberg,et al.  Cortical processing of visual and tactile stimuli studied by non-invasive rCBF measurements. , 1983, Human neurobiology.

[96]  Stephen Grossberg,et al.  Neural dynamics of speech and language coding: developmental programs, perceptual grouping, and competition for short-term memory. , 1986, Human neurobiology.

[97]  W. Pritchard.  Psychophysiology of P300. , 1981, Psychological bulletin.

[98]  S Zerlin,et al.  Acoustic relations of the human vertex potential. , 1966, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[99]  J. Deutsch,et al.  Attention: Some theoretical considerations. , 1963 .

[100]  E. Donchin,et al.  On quantifying surprise: the variation of event-related potentials with subjective probability. , 1977, Psychophysiology.

[101]  J. Mäkelä,et al.  Different analysis of frequency and amplitude modulations of a continuous tone in the human auditory cortex: A neuromagnetic study , 1987, Hearing Research.

[102]  T. Allison,et al.  The scalp topography of human visual evoked potentials , 1977 .

[103]  Steven A. Hillyard,et al.  Event-related brain potentials reveal similar attentional mechanisms during selective listening and shadowing. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[104]  D. Sheer,et al.  Electrical stimulation of the brain , 1961 .

[105]  M. Posner.  Chronometric explorations of mind , 1978 .

[106]  P. Tueting,et al.  Event-related brain potentials in man , 1978 .

[107]  R. Näätänen,et al.  Early selective-attention effects on the evoked potential: A critical review and reinterpretation , 1979, Biological Psychology.

[108]  F. El Massioui,et al.  Attention impairment and psychomotor retardation in depressed patients: an event-related potential study. , 1988, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[109]  H. Bartels,et al.  Kurzgefaßtes Lehrbuch der Physiologie , 1973 .

[110]  H. Davis,et al.  The slow response of the human cortex to auditory stimuli: recovery process. , 1966, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[111]  S. Grossberg.  Processing of Expected and Unexpected Events During Conditioning and Attention: A Psychophysiological Theory , 1982 .

[112]  R. Livingston,et al.  Sensory processing, perception, and behavior , 1978 .

[113]  Stephen Grossberg,et al.  ART 3: Hierarchical search using chemical transmitters in self-organizing pattern recognition architectures , 1990, Neural Networks.

[114]  D. Siddle,et al.  Stimulus miscuing, electrodermal activity, and the allocation of processing resources. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[115]  W. Ritter,et al.  The scalp topography of potentials associated with missing visual or auditory stimuli. , 1976, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[116]  Nelson Cowan,et al.  Properties of memory for unattended spoken syllables. , 1990 .

[117]  H Bauer,et al.  Technical requirements for high-quality scalp DC recordings. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[118]  W. Johnston,et al.  In defense of intraperceptual theories of attention. , 1982, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[119]  F. Bloom,et al.  Naloxone augments electrophysiological signs of selective attention in man , 1983, Nature.

[120]  E. N. Sokolov,et al.  Frequency and location specificity of the human vertex N1 wave. , 1988, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[121]  C Elberling,et al.  Cortical magnetic fields evoked by frequency glides of a continuous tone. , 1982, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[122]  F H Previc,et al.  Size-specific information channels and selective attention: visual evoked potential and behavioral measures. , 1978, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[123]  Sarah L. Friedman,et al.  The Brain, Cognition, and Education , 2013 .

[124]  Arthur F. Kramer,et al.  Assessing the development of automatic processing: An application of dual-task and event-related brain potential methodologies , 1988, Biological Psychology.

[125]  S. Coren,et al.  Attention : contemporary theory and analysis , 1972 .

[126]  J. Wilding,et al.  Semantic effects without awareness: Dichotic listening and dichoptic viewing , 1987 .

[127]  B. Libet,et al.  Somatosensory System , 1973, Handbook of Sensory Physiology.

[128]  W. Ritter,et al.  Orienting and habituation to auditory stimuli: a study of short term changes in average evoked responses. , 1968, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[129]  J. Lukas,et al.  The role of efferent inhibition in human auditory attention: an examination of the auditory brainstem potentials. , 1981, The International journal of neuroscience.

[130]  K. Lehnertz,et al.  Neuromagnetic evidence of an amplitopic organization of the human auditory cortex. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[131]  N Cowan,et al.  Cross-modal, auditory-visual Stroop interference and possible implications for speech memory , 1987, Perception & psychophysics.

[132]  Charles S. Watson,et al.  Attention and auditory evoked responses to low-detectability signals , 1968 .

[133]  P E Roland,et al.  Cortical organization of voluntary behavior in man. , 1985, Human neurobiology.

[134]  B. C. Roy,et al.  Volume of abstracts , 1964 .

[135]  S. Hillyard,et al.  The effects of frontal cortex lesions on event-related potentials during auditory selective attention. , 1981, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[136]  Friedhart Klix,et al.  Psychophysiological approaches to human information processing , 1985 .

[137]  George C. Sziklai,et al.  Some studies in the speed of visual perception , 1956, Electrical Engineering.

[138]  R Näätänen,et al.  Brain mechanism of selective listening reflected by event-related potentials. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[139]  R. Näätänen,et al.  Selective attention and evoked potentials inhumans — A critical review , 1975, Biological Psychology.

[140]  S A Hillyard,et al.  Evoked potential correlates of selective attention with multi-channel auditory inputs. , 1975, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[141]  J. D. Gould,et al.  Eye-movement parameters and pattern discrimination , 1969 .

[142]  D. B. Bender,et al.  Visual properties of neurons in inferotemporal cortex of the Macaque. , 1972, Journal of neurophysiology.

[143]  R. Ilmoniemi,et al.  Responses of the primary auditory cortex to pitch changes in a sequence of tone pips: Neuromagnetic recordings in man , 1984, Neuroscience Letters.

[144]  W. Ritter,et al.  The scalp topography of potentials in auditory and visual discrimination tasks. , 1977, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[145]  R Näätänen,et al.  Small pitch separation and the selective-attention effect on the ERP. , 1986, Psychophysiology.

[146]  P. Medvick,et al.  A neuromagnetic study of selective auditory attention. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[147]  P. Pocock,et al.  Late components of auditory event-related potentials to eight equiprobable stimuli in a target detection task. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[148]  N. Moray.  Mental workload : its theory and measurement , 1979 .

[149]  J. L. Kenemans,et al.  “Initial-” and “change-orienting reactions”: An analysis based on visual single-trial event-related potentials , 1989, Biological Psychology.

[150]  A. Sanford,et al.  Slow potential correlates of preparatory set. , 1974, Biological psychology.

[151]  R. Näätänen,et al.  The duration of a neuronal trace of an auditory stimulus as indicated by event-related potentials , 1987, Biological Psychology.

[152]  C. Barber,et al.  Evoked potentials III , 1987 .

[153]  Stephen Grossberg,et al.  A massively parallel architecture for a self-organizing neural pattern recognition machine , 1988, Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process..

[154]  J. Desmedt.  Attention, Voluntary Contraction and Event-Related Cerebral Potentials , 1977 .

[155]  G. Goldberg.  Supplementary motor area structure and function: Review and hypotheses , 1985, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[156]  A Pfefferbaum,et al.  Event-related potentials to breaks in sequences of alternating pitches or interstimulus intervals. , 1988, Psychophysiology.

[157]  Margaret Jean Intons-Pererson.  The role of loudness in auditory imagery , 1980 .

[158]  Marty G. Woldorff,et al.  Auditory selective attention in humans : analysis of mechanisms using event-related brain potentials , 1989 .

[159]  S A Hillyard,et al.  Event-related potentials (ERPs) to interruptions of a steady rhythm. , 1981, Psychophysiology.

[160]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Electrical Signs of Selective Attention in the Human Brain , 1973, Science.

[161]  D. C. Essen,et al.  Visual areas of the mammalian cerebral cortex. , 1979 .

[162]  P. Roland,et al.  Extrastriate cortical areas activated during visual discrimination in man , 1981, Brain Research.

[163]  T. Okita,et al.  Within-channel selection and event-related potentials during selective auditory attention. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[164]  K. Reinikainen,et al.  Mismatch negativity to change in spatial location of an auditory stimulus. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[165]  W. Ritter,et al.  The sources of auditory evoked responses recorded from the human scalp. , 1970, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[166]  P A Osterhammel,et al.  Slow vertex potentials: interactions among auditory, tactile, electric and visual stimuli. , 1972, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[167]  Werner Lutzenberger,et al.  Vasopressin and electrophysiological signs of attention in man , 1986, Peptides.

[168]  P. Ullsperger,et al.  The late positive component of the ERP and adaptation-level theory , 1988, Biological Psychology.

[169]  D. Massaro.  Backward recognition masking. , 1975, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[170]  C Tomberg,et al.  Mapping early somatosensory evoked potentials in selective attention: critical evaluation of control conditions used for titrating by difference the cognitive P30, P40, P100 and N140. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[171]  Jean-Luc Puel,et al.  Selective attention modifies the active micromechanical properties of the cochlea , 1988, Brain Research.

[172]  D. Strayer,et al.  Attentional Requirements of Automatic and Controlled Processing , 1990 .

[173]  K. Lehnertz,et al.  Tonotopic organization of the human auditory cortex revealed by transient auditory evoked magnetic fields. , 1988, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[174]  E Donchin,et al.  Resource reciprocity: an event-related brain potentials analysis. , 1989, Acta psychologica.

[175]  P. Goldman-Rakic.  Topography of cognition: parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex. , 1988, Annual review of neuroscience.

[176]  Heikki Lyytinen,et al.  AUTONOMIC CONCOMITANTS OF EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS IN THE AUDITORY ODDBALL PARADIGM , 1987 .

[177]  Steven A. Hillyard,et al.  Decision-related cortical potentials during an auditory signal detection task with cued observation intervals , 1975 .

[178]  D. B. Gjerdingen,et al.  Recovery functions of human cortical potentials evoked by tones, shocks, vibration, and flashes12 , 1970 .

[179]  W. B. Matthews.  Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: electrical potentials, behaviour and clinical use. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium Ulm-Reisensburg. May 14-18, 1979. , 1982, Progress in brain research.

[180]  J. Connolly,et al.  Human brainstem auditory evoked potentials fail to provide evidence of efferent modulation of auditory input during attentional tasks. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[181]  J. Requin.  Attention and Performance VII , 1980 .

[182]  Marta Oakley,et al.  Central neural influences on the human retina during selective attention , 1983 .

[183]  R Näätänen,et al.  Frontal negative and parietal positive components of the slow wave dissociated. , 1987, Psychophysiology.

[184]  M. Kutas,et al.  Electrophysiology of cognitive processing. , 1983, Annual review of psychology.

[185]  J. Konorski.  Integrative activity of the brain : an interdisciplinary approach , 1967 .

[186]  J. Born,et al.  Cortisol effects on attentional processes in man as indicated by event-related potentials. , 1987, Psychophysiology.

[187]  S. Hillyard,et al.  The effects of channel-selective attention on the mismatch negativity wave elicited by deviant tones. , 1991, Psychophysiology.

[188]  Roger W. Schvaneveldt,et al.  Semantic Context and the Encoding of Words: Evidence for Two Modes of Stimulus Analysis. , 1981 .

[189]  B. Renault,et al.  Effect of task and stimulus probability on evoked potentials , 1981, Biological Psychology.

[190]  James L. McClelland.  On the time relations of mental processes: An examination of systems of processes in cascade. , 1979 .

[191]  Daniel G Bobrow,et al.  On data-limited and resource-limited processes , 1975, Cognitive Psychology.

[192]  L. Karlin,et al.  Cognition, preparation, and sensory-evoked potentials. , 1970 .

[193]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Selective attention to multidimensional auditory stimuli. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[194]  J. Stein.  Progress in clinical neurophysiology Vol. 4. Cerebral motor control in man: Long loop mechanisms. Edited by J. E. Desmedt. S. Karger, Basel, 1979, 394 pp. $70.75 , 1980, Neuropsychologia.

[195]  B. Julesz,et al.  Human factors and behavioral science: Textons, the fundamental elements in preattentive vision and perception of textures , 1983, The Bell System Technical Journal.

[196]  Jon Driver,et al.  On the nonselectivity of "selective" seeing: Contrasts between interference and priming in selective attention. , 1989 .

[197]  R Efron,et al.  The relationship between the duration of a stimulus and the duration of a perception. , 1970, Neuropsychologia.

[198]  N. Cowan.  On short and long auditory stores. , 1984, Psychological bulletin.

[199]  M. Velasco,et al.  Subcortical correlates of the somatic, auditory and visual vertex activities in man. I. Bipolar EEG responses and electrical stimulation. , 1985, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[200]  D. Lindsley,et al.  Selective Attentiveness and Cortical Evoked Responses to Visual and Auditory Stimuli , 1965, Science.

[201]  Eileen C. Schwab,et al.  Pattern recognition by humans and machines , 1986 .

[202]  John A. Groeger,et al.  Qualitatively Different Effects of Undetected and Unidentified Auditory Primes , 1988 .

[203]  R. Hernández-Peón,et al.  Modification of electric activity in cochlear nucleus during attention in unanesthetized cats. , 1956, Science.

[204]  M. Coltheart,et al.  Iconic memory and visible persistence , 1980, Perception & psychophysics.

[205]  D L Woods,et al.  Electrophysiologic evidence of increased distractibility after dorsolateral prefrontal lesions , 1986, Neurology.

[206]  P E Roland,et al.  Somatotopical tuning of postcentral gyrus during focal attention in man. A regional cerebral blood flow study. , 1981, Journal of neurophysiology.

[207]  S. A. Hillyard,et al.  The Spatial Allocation of Visual Attention as Indexed by Event-Related Brain Potentials , 1987, Human factors.

[208]  Tsunetaka Okita,et al.  Attention-related negative brain potential for speech words and pure tones , 1983, Biological Psychology.

[209]  P. Tueting,et al.  Brain and information: event-related potentials. , 1984, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[210]  P. Roland.  Cortical regulation of selective attention in man. A regional cerebral blood flow study. , 1982, Journal of neurophysiology.

[211]  Bela Julesz,et al.  Short-Term Memory for Stroboscopic Movement Perception , 1973 .

[212]  D. Broadbent.  Perception and communication , 1958 .

[213]  J. Lehtonen.  Functional differentiation between late components of visual evoked potentials recorded at occiput and vertex: effect of stimulus interval and contour. , 1973, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[214]  R. Näätänen,et al.  Attention effects on auditory EPs as a function of inter-stimulus interval , 1981, Biological Psychology.

[215]  P. Roland,et al.  Focal increase of cerebral blood flow during stereognostic testing in man. , 1976, Archives of neurology.

[216]  N. Squires,et al.  Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man. , 1975, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[217]  W Lang,et al.  Brain potentials related to voluntary hand tracking, motivation and attention. , 1984, Human neurobiology.

[218]  M. Verbaten,et al.  Habituation of early and late visual ERP components and the orienting reaction: the effect of stimulus information. , 1986, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[219]  J. Mäkelä,et al.  Neuromagnetic responses of the human auditory cortex to on- and offsets of noise bursts. , 1987, Audiology : official organ of the International Society of Audiology.

[220]  Donald E. Broadbent,et al.  The Maltese cross: A new simplistic model for memory , 1984, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[221]  R. Knight.  Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. , 1984, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[222]  E. Courchesne,et al.  Stimulus novelty, task relevance and the visual evoked potential in man. , 1975, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[223]  Andries F. Sanders,et al.  The Foreperiod Effect Revisited , 1975 .

[224]  W. James,et al.  The Principles of Psychology. , 1983 .

[225]  S. Zeki.  Colour coding in the cerebral cortex: The reaction of cells in monkey visual cortex to wavelengths and colours , 1983, Neuroscience.

[226]  F. Macar,et al.  An event-related potential analysis of incongruity in music and other non-linguistic contexts. , 1987, Psychophysiology.

[227]  R Näätänen,et al.  Event-related brain potentials in selective listening to frequent and rare stimuli. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[228]  R Parasuraman,et al.  Brain events underlying detection and recognition of weak sensory signals. , 1980, Science.

[229]  T Allison,et al.  The scalp topography of human somatosensory and auditory evoked potentials. , 1977, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[230]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  The colour centre in the cerebral cortex of man , 1989, Nature.

[231]  A. Gaillard,et al.  Effects of warning-signal modality on the contingent negative variation (CNV) , 1976, Biological Psychology.

[232]  M. R. Harter,et al.  Attention to pattern orientation: negative cortical potentials, reaction time, and the selection process. , 1980, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[233]  H. Davis,et al.  Effects of duration and rise time of tone bursts on evoked V potentials. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[234]  D. Siddle,et al.  Stimulus omission and dishabituation of the electrodermal orienting response: the allocation of processing resources. , 1987, Psychophysiology.

[235]  Raja Parasuraman,et al.  Effects of information processing demands on slow negative shift latencies and N100 amplitude in selective and divided attention , 1980, Biological Psychology.

[236]  J. Lukas,et al.  Human auditory attention: the olivocochlear bundle may function as a peripheral filter. , 1980, Psychophysiology.

[237]  R. Hari,et al.  Effect of stimulus repetition on negative sustained potentials elicited by auditory and visual stimuli in the human EEG , 1978, Biological Psychology.

[238]  J. Hillenbrand,et al.  Limits on phonetic accuracy in foreign language speech production , 1984 .

[239]  Dietrich Lehmann,et al.  Human Evoked Potentials , 1979 .

[240]  R T Wilkinson,et al.  Auditory evoked potentials and selective attention. , 1972, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[241]  S. Grossberg,et al.  Neural dynamics of word recognition and recall: attentional priming, learning, and resonance. , 1986 .

[242]  K. Reinikainen,et al.  Right hemisphere dominance of different mismatch negativities. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[243]  I Czigler,et al.  Selection within fixation: event-related potentials in a visual matching task. , 1988, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[244]  J Pernier,et al.  Several attention-related wave forms in auditory areas: a topographic study. , 1988, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[245]  M Velasco,et al.  Subcortical correlates of the somatic, auditory and visual vertex activities. II. Referential EEG responses. , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[246]  S H Curry,et al.  Brain event-related potentials as indicators of early selective processes in auditory target localization. , 1983, Psychophysiology.

[247]  D. Kahneman.  Attention and Effort , 1973 .

[248]  Neil A. Macmillan,et al.  Detection and recognition of intensity changes in tone and noise: The detection-recognition disparity , 1973 .

[249]  C. Eriksen,et al.  A psychophysiological investigation of the continuous flow model of human information processing. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[250]  S. Rossignol,et al.  Audio-spinal influence in man studied by the H-reflex and its possible role on rhythmic movements synchronized to sound. , 1976, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[251]  Stephen Grossberg,et al.  The ART of adaptive pattern recognition by a self-organizing neural network , 1988, Computer.

[252]  G Underwood,et al.  Automatic phonological coding of unattended printed words , 1982, Memory & cognition.

[253]  T W Picton,et al.  Auditory evoked potentials from the human cochlea and brainstem. , 1981, The Journal of otolaryngology. Supplement.

[254]  B.J.A. Krose,et al.  A description of visual structure: Relations with human information processing mechanisms , 1986 .

[255]  A. Treisman.  Features and Objects: The Fourteenth Bartlett Memorial Lecture , 1988, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[256]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: 1. Detection, Search, and Attention. , 1977 .

[257]  T. Picton,et al.  Human auditory sustained potentials. I. The nature of the response. , 1978, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology.

[258]  S. Grossberg,et al.  Probing cognitive processes through the structure of event-related potentials during learning: an experimental and theoretical analysis. , 1987, Applied optics.

[259]  E. N. Sokolov,et al.  Neuronal mechanisms of the orienting reflex , 1975 .

[260]  H. Barlow.  The Twelfth Bartlett Memorial Lecture: The Role of Single Neurons in the Psychology of Perception , 1985, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[261]  L. Aitkin,et al.  Connections of the primary auditory cortex in the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus jacchus , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[262]  S. Tipper.  The Negative Priming Effect: Inhibitory Priming by Ignored Objects , 1985, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[263]  P. Michie,et al.  Auditory Selective Attention and Event-Related Potentials in Schizophrenia , 1991, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[264]  H. Helson.  Adaptation-level theory : an experimental and systematic approach to behavior , 1964 .

[265]  W. Singer.  The role of attention in developmental plasticity. , 1982, Human neurobiology.

[266]  Cheryl J. Aine,et al.  Discussion of neural-specificity model of selective attention: A response to Hillyard and Mangun and to Näätänen , 1986, Biological Psychology.

[267]  L Weiskrantz,et al.  Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation. , 1974, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[268]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. , 1977 .

[269]  G Nyman,et al.  Mismatch negativity (MMN) for sequences of auditory and visual stimuli: evidence for a mechanism specific to the auditory modality. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[270]  R. Näätänen,et al.  Stimulus deviance and evoked potentials , 1982, Biological Psychology.

[271]  I Czigler,et al.  Event-related potentials in a visual discrimination task: negative waves related to detection and attention. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[272]  B. Libet,et al.  Responses of Human Somatosensory Cortex to Stimuli below Threshold for Conscious Sensation , 1967, Science.

[273]  I. Whitfield,et al.  Classification of unit responses in the auditory cortex of the unanaesthetized and unrestrained cat , 1964, The Journal of physiology.

[274]  M. Scherg,et al.  A Source Analysis of the Late Human Auditory Evoked Potentials , 1989, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[275]  M J Farah,et al.  Perceptual interference and facilitation with auditory imagery , 1983, Perception & psychophysics.

[276]  R. Hari,et al.  Cerebral neuromagnetic responses evoked by short auditory stimuli. , 1985, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[277]  Frances K. Graham,et al.  Effects of attending selectively to the spatial position of reflex-eliciting and reflex-modulating stimuli. , 1987 .

[278]  L R Hartley,et al.  The Effect of Stimulus Relevance on the Cortical Evoked Potentials , 1970, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[279]  K B Campbell,et al.  Human auditory evoked potentials during natural sleep: the early components. , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[280]  T. Picton,et al.  Human auditory sustained potentials. II. Stimulus relationships. , 1978, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[281]  Saul Sternberg,et al.  The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method , 1969 .

[282]  A Semjen,et al.  Relation between the time-course of Hoffmann-Reflexes and the foreperiod duration in a reaction-time task. , 1973, Physiology & behavior.

[283]  Samuel J. Williamson,et al.  Attention related difference waves in the MEG , 1985 .

[284]  M. Kutas,et al.  Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. , 1980, Science.

[285]  Judith M. Ford,et al.  Attention effects on auditory evoked potentials to infrequent events , 1976, Biological Psychology.

[286]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Modulation of early auditory processing during selective listening to rapidly presented tones. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[287]  K. Reinikainen,et al.  Separability of different negative components of the event-related potential associated with auditory stimulus processing. , 1986, Psychophysiology.

[288]  R Parasuraman,et al.  Detection and recognition: Concurrent processes in perception , 1982, Perception & psychophysics.

[289]  E. Donchin,et al.  Performance of concurrent tasks: a psychophysiological analysis of the reciprocity of information-processing resources. , 1983, Science.

[290]  G. McCarthy,et al.  On the influence of task relevance and stimulus probability on event-related-potential components. , 1977, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[291]  R. Hari,et al.  Interstimulus interval dependence of the auditory vertex response and its magnetic counterpart: implications for their neural generation. , 1982, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[292]  Jukka Hyönä,et al.  Reading long words embedded in sentences: informativeness of word halves affects eye movements. , 1989 .

[293]  J Allman,et al.  Direction- and Velocity-Specific Responses from beyond the Classical Receptive Field in the Middle Temporal Visual Area (MT) , 1985, Perception.

[294]  A. J. Mistlin,et al.  Visual neurones responsive to faces , 1987, Trends in Neurosciences.

[295]  H. Kornhuber,et al.  Timing function of the frontal cortex in sequential motor and learning tasks. , 1985, Human neurobiology.

[296]  R A Butler,et al.  The auditory evoked response to stimuli producing periodicity pitch. , 1972, Psychophysiology.

[297]  R. Desimone,et al.  Selective attention gates visual processing in the extrastriate cortex. , 1985, Science.

[298]  J. C. Johnston,et al.  Length effects in word perception: we is better than i but worse than you or them. , 1982 .

[299]  D. Stuss,et al.  The Frontal Lobes , 1986 .

[300]  J. R. Hughes.  Multidisciplinary perspectives in event-related brain potential research , 1980 .

[301]  R Näätänen,et al.  Evoked potential, EEG, and slow-potential correlates of selective attention. , 1970, Acta psychologica.

[302]  K. Squires,et al.  An early event-related cortical potential. , 1978, Psychophysiology.

[303]  Josef M. Miller,et al.  Single cell activity in the auditory cortex of the unanesthetized, behaving monkey: Correlation with stimulus controlled behavior , 1975, Brain Research.

[304]  J. C. Johnston,et al.  Reply to Matthei: we really is worse than you or them, and so are Ma and Pa. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[305]  Kimmo Alho,et al.  Mechanisms of selective listening reflected by event-related brain potentials in humans , 1987 .

[306]  J. Rohrbaugh,et al.  Current trends in event-related potential research , 1987 .

[307]  M Molnár,et al.  Evoked potential correlates of stimulus deviance during wakefulness and sleep in cat--animal model of mismatch negativity. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[308]  S A Hillyard,et al.  Temporal dynamics of human auditory selective attention. , 1988, Psychophysiology.

[309]  Stephen J. Boies,et al.  Components of attention. , 1971 .

[310]  H G Vaughan,et al.  Differentiation of negative event-related potentials in an auditory discrimination task. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[311]  E. C. Cherry.  Some Experiments on the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears , 1953 .

[312]  M. Merzenich,et al.  Representation of the cochlear partition of the superior temporal plane of the macaque monkey. , 1973, Brain research.

[313]  Steven A. Hillyard,et al.  Vertex potentials evoked during auditory signal detection: Relation to decision criteria , 1973 .

[314]  S A Hillyard,et al.  Selective attention and the auditory vertex potential. I. Effects of stimulus delivery rate. , 1976, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[315]  N. Moray.  Attention in Dichotic Listening: Affective Cues and the Influence of Instructions , 1959 .

[316]  J Debecker,et al.  Cerebral evoked potential correlates in forced-paced tasks. , 1971, Nature: New biology.

[317]  C. Larson,et al.  Human laryngeal responses to auditory stimulation. , 1983, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[318]  Mikko Sams,et al.  Stimulus selection during auditory spatial attention as expressed by event-related potentials , 1987, Biological Psychology.

[319]  R. Näätänen.  Processing negativity: an evoked-potential reflection of selective attention. , 1982, Psychological bulletin.

[320]  M. Mesulam.  A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect , 1981, Annals of neurology.

[321]  A. Treisman.  Contextual Cues in Selective Listening , 1960 .

[322]  Tsunetaka Okita,et al.  Event-related potentials and selective attention to tones moving in location and pitch: An examination of movement velocity , 1987, Biological Psychology.

[323]  Steven L. Miller,et al.  Neural Processes Involved in Directing Attention , 1989, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[324]  S A Hillyard,et al.  Electroretinograms reveal no evidence for centrifugal modulation of retinal inputs during selective attention in man. , 1986, Psychophysiology.

[325]  M. Coles,et al.  Energetics and Human Information Processing , 1986 .

[326]  J K Shallop,et al.  The effect of sleep on the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and the middle latency response (MLR). , 1985, Scandinavian audiology.

[327]  Anthony G. Greenwald,et al.  A double stimulation test of ideomotor theory with implications for selective attention. , 1970 .

[328]  A. Reeves,et al.  Focused auditory attention and frequency selectivity , 1987, Perception & psychophysics.

[329]  D. Broadbent.  Task combination and selective intake of information. , 1982, Acta psychologica.

[330]  R. Näätänen,et al.  Short-term habituation and dishabituation of the mismatch negativity of the ERP. , 1984, Psychophysiology.

[331]  S A Hillyard,et al.  Auditory evoked potentials during multichannel selective listening: role of pitch and localization cues. , 1976, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[332]  A Pfefferbaum,et al.  The distribution of attention across auditory input channels: an assessment using the human evoked potential. , 1978, Psychophysiology.

[333]  R. D. Hienz,et al.  Single-unit activity in the auditory cortex of monkeys selectively attending left vs. right ear stimuli , 1978, Brain Research.

[334]  F. Perrin,et al.  Brain generators implicated in the processing of auditory stimulus deviance: a topographic event-related potential study. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[335]  Frances K. Graham,et al.  Early selective attention effects on cutaneous and acoustic blink reflexes , 1983 .

[336]  S. Grossberg.  How does a brain build a cognitive code , 1980 .

[337]  G Underwood,et al.  How Do Readers Know Where to Look Next? Local Information Distributions Influence Eye Fixations , 1990, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[338]  C. C. Wood,et al.  Anatomical and Physiological Substrates of Event‐Related Potentials , 1984, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[339]  J. Pettigrew,et al.  Depletion of brain catecholamines: failure of ocular dominance shift after monocular occlusion in kittens. , 1976, Science.

[340]  H Hämäläinen,et al.  Human somatosensory evoked potentials to mechanical pulses and vibration: contributions of SI and SII somatosensory cortices to P50 and P100 components. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[341]  Alan S. Brown,et al.  Information Processing and Cognition: The Loyola Symposium , 1976 .

[342]  R. Näätänen.  Implications of ERP data for psychological theories of attention , 1988, Biological Psychology.

[343]  R. Näätänen,et al.  Sequential effects on the ERP in discriminating two stimuli , 1983, Biological Psychology.

[344]  A. H. C. Heijden,et al.  Visual selective attention: Introductory remarks , 1986, Psychological research.

[345]  E. Donchin,et al.  Psychophysiology : systems, processes, and applications , 1987 .

[346]  Olli Aaltonen,et al.  Event-related brain potentials and the perception of a phonetic continuum , 1987, Biological Psychology.

[347]  F. Graham,et al.  Presidential Address, 1974. The more or less startling effects of weak prestimulation. , 1975, Psychophysiology.

[348]  J. Pettigrew,et al.  Local perfusion of noradrenaline maintains visual cortical plasticity , 1978, Nature.

[349]  A Treisman,et al.  Perceptual objects and the cost of filtering , 1983, Perception & psychophysics.

[350]  J Gips,et al.  Enhancement of the average evoked response to tone onset and cessation. , 1971, Psychophysiology.

[351]  J. Suzuki,et al.  Effects of rise time on simultaneously recorded auditory-evoked potentials from the early, middle and late ranges. , 1979, Audiology : official organ of the International Society of Audiology.

[352]  S. Dornič,et al.  Attention and performance V , 1976 .

[353]  D L Sparks,et al.  Translation of sensory signals into commands for control of saccadic eye movements: role of primate superior colliculus. , 1986, Physiological reviews.

[354]  A. B. Hill,et al.  Semantic Priming without Awareness: Some Methodological Considerations and Replications , 1988, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[355]  M. Donald,et al.  The analysis of stimulus probability inside and outside the focus of attention, as reflected by the auditory N1 and P3 components. , 1981, Canadian journal of psychology.

[356]  R T Wilkinson,et al.  Selective attention, contingent negative variation and the evoked potential. , 1974, Biological psychology.

[357]  D. Norman.  Toward a theory of memory and attention. , 1968 .

[358]  D M Green,et al.  Detection and intensity discrimination of a sinusoid. , 1984, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[359]  S. Petersen,et al.  Pulvinar nuclei of the behaving rhesus monkey: visual responses and their modulation. , 1985, Journal of neurophysiology.

[360]  E. Donchin,et al.  Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating? , 1988, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[361]  Tsunetaka Okita,et al.  Slow negative shifts of the human event-related potential associated with selective information processing , 1981, Biological Psychology.

[362]  P. Michie,et al.  Event-related potential indices of selective attention and cortical lateralization in schizophrenia. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[363]  R. Plomp.  Rate of Decay of Auditory Sensation , 1964 .

[364]  R Näätänen,et al.  Event-related brain potentials reflecting processing of relevant and irrelevant stimuli during selective listening. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[365]  W. Larkin,et al.  Frequency-response characteristic of auditory observers detecting signals of a single frequency in noise: the probe-signal method. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[366]  V. Mountcastle,et al.  Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: command functions for operations within extrapersonal space. , 1975, Journal of neurophysiology.

[367]  M. Taylor,et al.  Bereitschaftspontential during the acquisition of a skilled motor task. , 1978, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[368]  Pekka Niemi,et al.  Mind before matter? , 1985, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[369]  T. Melnechuk,et al.  Dynamics of Sensory and Cognitive Processing by the Brain , 1988, Springer Series in Brain Dynamics.

[370]  M. Posner,et al.  Visual dominance: an information-processing account of its origins and significance. , 1976, Psychological review.