The Immediate Effects of Aerobic Exercise with and Without External Loads on Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Body Temperature Indices in Type II Diabetic Patients

Background: The long-term effects of aerobic exercise on the cardiorespiratory system have been studied extensively. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise with and without external loads on blood glucose, cardiovascular, respiratory, and body temperature indices in patients with type II diabetes. Methods: The present randomized control trial recruited participants from the Diabetes Center of Hamadan University through advertisement. Thirty individuals were selected and divided into an aerobic exercise group and a weighted vest group via block randomization. The intervention protocol included aerobic exercise on the treadmill (0 slopes) with an intensity of 50% to 70% of the maximum heart rate. The exercise program for the weighted vest group was identical to that of the aerobic group, except that the subjects wore a weighted vest. Results: The mean age of the study population was 46.77±5.11 years in the aerobic group and 48±5.95 years in the weighted vest group. After the intervention, blood glucose in the aerobic group (167.07±72.48 mg/dL; P<0.001) and the weighted vest group (167.75±61.53 mg/dL; P<0.001) was decreased. Additionally, resting heart rate (aerobic: 96.83±11.86 bpm and vest: 94.92±13.65 bpm) and body temperature (aerobic: 36.20±0.83 °C and vest: 35.48±0.46 °C) were increased (P<0.001). Decreased systolic (aerobic: 117.92±19.27 mmHg and vest: 120.91±12.04 mmHg) and diastolic (aerobic: 77.38±7.54 mmHg and vest: 82.5±11.32 mmHg) blood pressure and increased respiration rate (aerobic: 23.07±5.45 breath/min and vest: 22±3.19 breath/min) were seen in both groups but were not statistically significant. Conclusion: One aerobic exercise session with and without external loads reduced blood glucose levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in our 2 study groups.

[1]  M. Sayadi,et al.  The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Clinical Outcomes after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Different Stent Sizes , 2022, The journal of Tehran Heart Center.

[2]  M. Iemitsu,et al.  Decreased muscle‐derived musclin by chronic resistance exercise is associated with improved insulin resistance in rats with type 2 diabetes , 2021, Physiological reports.

[3]  D. Gater,et al.  Acute exercise improves glucose effectiveness but not insulin sensitivity in paraplegia , 2021, Disability and rehabilitation.

[4]  Emiliano Schena,et al.  The Importance of Respiratory Rate Monitoring: From Healthcare to Sport and Exercise , 2020, Sensors.

[5]  L. Deldicque,et al.  Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Exercise Mediated by Toll-Like Receptor Regulation in Innate Immune Cells – A Review , 2020, International reviews of immunology.

[6]  M. Viigimaa,et al.  Macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2020, Current vascular pharmacology.

[7]  Rui Han,et al.  Physical Exercise as Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Mechanism to Orientation , 2019, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism.

[8]  L. Ge,et al.  Exercise training modalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis , 2018, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.

[9]  C. Williams,et al.  Mechanisms of blood pressure control following acute exercise in adolescents: Effects of exercise intensity on haemodynamics and baroreflex sensitivity , 2018, Experimental physiology.

[10]  J. Regensteiner,et al.  Mechanisms of Aerobic Exercise Impairment in Diabetes: A Narrative Review , 2018, Front. Endocrinol..

[11]  A. Akbarzadeh Baghban,et al.  Are Twenty-Four Sessions of Aerobic Exercise Sufficient for Improving Cardiac Parameters in Diabetes Mellitus? A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2018, The journal of Tehran Heart Center.

[12]  Ping Zhang,et al.  Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017 , 2018, Diabetes Care.

[13]  A. Leicht,et al.  Effects of acute exercise on endothelial function in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. , 2017, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[14]  David W. Jenkins,et al.  Exercise and Diabetes: A Narrative Review , 2017, The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.

[15]  C. Williams,et al.  High‐intensity interval exercise and glycemic control in adolescents with type one diabetes mellitus: a case study , 2017, Physiological reports.

[16]  F. Wolf,et al.  Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2016 Abridged for Primary Care Providers , 2016, Clinical Diabetes.

[17]  H. Kaneto.  [Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus]. , 2015, Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine.

[18]  Marcelo Magalhães Sales,et al.  Type 2 Diabetes Elicits Lower Nitric Oxide, Bradykinin Concentration and Kallikrein Activity Together with Higher DesArg9-BK and Reduced Post-Exercise Hypotension Compared to Non-Diabetic Condition , 2013, PloS one.

[19]  J. Horowitz,et al.  A Single Session of Low-Intensity Exercise Is Sufficient to Enhance Insulin Sensitivity Into the Next Day in Obese Adults , 2013, Diabetes Care.

[20]  P. Hogan,et al.  Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U , 2013 .

[21]  Angela L. Spence,et al.  A prospective randomized longitudinal study involving 6 months of endurance or resistance exercise. Conduit artery adaptation in humans , 2013, The Journal of physiology.

[22]  O. P. Adams,et al.  The impact of brief high-intensity exercise on blood glucose levels , 2013, Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy.

[23]  M. Hedayati,et al.  Effects of short-term aerobic exercise with and without external loading on bone metabolism and balance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis , 2013, Rheumatology International.

[24]  J. Hawley,et al.  Physiological adaptations to low‐volume, high‐intensity interval training in health and disease , 2012, The Journal of physiology.

[25]  Federico Schena,et al.  Metabolic Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects , 2012, Diabetes Care.

[26]  V. Basevi,et al.  Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2012 , 2011, Diabetes Care.

[27]  J. Viikari,et al.  Association of Physical Activity With Vascular Endothelial Function and Intima-Media Thickness , 2011, Circulation.

[28]  M. Hunink,et al.  Long-term effects of structured home-based exercise program on functional capacity and quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication. , 2011, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[29]  P. O S I T I O N S T A T E M E N T,et al.  Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus , 2011, Diabetes Care.

[30]  D. Thijssen,et al.  The Impact of Exercise Training on Conduit Artery Wall Thickness and Remodeling in Chronic Heart Failure Patients , 2011, Hypertension.

[31]  Y. Yoshimasa,et al.  Effect of exercise intervention on endothelial function and incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. , 2010, Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

[32]  R. Bloomer,et al.  Acute Exercise Does Not Attenuate Postprandial Oxidative Stress in Prediabetic Women , 2009, The Physician and sportsmedicine.

[33]  J. Shaw,et al.  Improved endothelial function following a 14-month resistance exercise training program in adults with type 2 diabetes. , 2008, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[34]  Robert H Fagard,et al.  Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients , 2007, European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology.

[35]  H. Kuipers,et al.  Influence of acute exercise on hyperglycemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. , 2006, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[36]  G. Kundt,et al.  Improvement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise program. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[37]  Benedict J Canny,et al.  Short‐term exercise training in humans reduces AMPK signalling during prolonged exercise independent of muscle glycogen , 2005, The Journal of physiology.

[38]  Lewis H Kuller,et al.  A dietary and exercise intervention slows menopause-associated progression of subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[39]  H. Koyama,et al.  Short-term aerobic exercise improves arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes. , 2004, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[40]  D. Green,et al.  Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycemic control and fitness in type 2 diabetes. , 2002, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[41]  D. Green,et al.  The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes. , 2001, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[42]  TJ Quinn,et al.  Twenty-four hour, ambulatory blood pressure responses following acute exercise: impact of exercise intensity , 2000, Journal of Human Hypertension.

[43]  E. Horton,et al.  Acute exercise induces GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle of normal human subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. , 1999, Diabetes.