The uses of passive measurement of acoustic emissions from chemical engineering processes

Abstract Acoustic measurement techniques are being developed to monitor the state of equipment and the physicochemical changes within chemical engineering processes. The advantage of acoustics is that unlike other techniques, direct contact with the process under investigation is not required so intrusion can be kept to a minimum. Most research concentrates on the active use of low-powered ultrasound, i.e. the generation of an acoustic wave and the measurement of any changes in the wave. This review highlights the use of passive measurement of acoustic emissions created by a process as a potentially non-invasive, real-time monitoring technique to be used in process control. Research into the acoustic emission sources found in several chemical engineering processes such as gas–liquid mixing, solid systems and chemical reactions and the process information that can be obtained from them is discussed.

[1]  D J McClements,et al.  Ultrasonic characterization of foods and drinks: principles, methods, and applications. , 1997, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[2]  M. F. Leach,et al.  Analysis of gaussian size distribution of rigid particles from their acoustic emission , 1978 .

[3]  J. Field,et al.  Acoustic and photographic studies of injected bubbles , 1991 .

[4]  Noel de Nevers,et al.  The chamber orifice interaction in the formation of bubbles , 1977 .

[5]  M. Minnarert,et al.  Musical air-bubbles and the sound of running water , 1933 .

[6]  S. Lubetkin,et al.  Measurement of bubble nucleation rates by an acoustic method , 1989 .

[7]  T. Leighton.  The Acoustic Bubble , 1994 .

[8]  Lawrence E. Kinsler,et al.  Fundamentals of acoustics , 1950 .

[9]  D. D. Shepard,et al.  A new ultrasonic measurement system for the cure monitoring of thermosetting resins and composites , 1997 .

[10]  M. Minnaert.  XVI.On musical air-bubbles and the sounds of running water , 1933 .

[11]  E. Laine,et al.  Acoustic Characterization of a Microcrystalline Cellulose Powder During and After Its Compression , 1995 .

[12]  Peter D. Wentzell,et al.  Comparison of pattern recognition descriptors for chemical acoustic emission analysis , 1991 .

[13]  Ru-Qin Yu,et al.  Chemical acoustic emissions from gas evolution processes recorded by a piezoelectric transducer , 1998 .

[14]  R. Manasseh,et al.  Passive acoustic bubble sizing in sparged systems , 2001 .

[15]  J. Drahoš,et al.  Characterization of hydrodynamic regimes in horizontal two-phase flow: Part II: Analysis of wall pressure fluctuations , 1987 .

[16]  Larry E. Erickson,et al.  WALL PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS AND BUBBLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AT SEVERAL POSITIONS IN AN AIRLIFT FERMENTOR , 1984 .

[17]  C. Brennen.  Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics , 1995 .

[18]  Filip Johnsson,et al.  Characterization of fluidization regimes by time-series analysis of pressure fluctuations , 2000 .

[19]  T. Sawada,et al.  Acoustic emission from phase transition of some chemicals , 1985 .

[20]  M. F. Leach,et al.  Size analysis of particles of irregular shape from their acoustic emissions , 1978 .

[21]  George E. Klinzing,et al.  Pressure Fluctuations in Pneumatic Conveying Systems , 1993 .

[22]  Aniruddha B. Pandit,et al.  Measurement of bubble size distribution: an acoustic technique , 1992 .

[23]  T. J. Fowler.  Chemical industry applications of acoustic emission , 1992 .

[24]  Jan Čermák,et al.  Diagnostics of gas—liquid flow patterns in chemical engineering systems , 1989 .

[25]  Osama Hunaidi,et al.  Acoustical characteristics of leak signals in plastic water distribution pipes , 1999 .

[26]  P. B. Whalley,et al.  Measurements of the speed of sound in air-water flows , 1997 .

[27]  Jan Reedijk,et al.  Acoustic emission during the preparation of dichloro(pyrazine)zinc(II) , 1978 .

[28]  Gerald L. Morrison,et al.  Sound spectra of gas dispersion in an agitated tank , 1985 .

[29]  M. J. Motter.  Is your transformer a time bomb , 1991 .

[30]  Jc Jaap Schouten,et al.  Origin, propagation and attenuation of pressure waves in gas-solid fluidized beds , 1998 .

[31]  Gerald L. Morrison,et al.  Sound spectra in an aerated agitated tank , 1987 .

[32]  Richard A Williams,et al.  Acoustic monitoring of hydrocyclone performance , 1998 .

[33]  G. H. Brusewitz,et al.  Technical Notes: Sound Level Measurements of Flowing Grain , 1987 .

[34]  Peter D. Wentzell,et al.  Chemical acoustic emission analysis in the frequency domain , 1989 .

[35]  P. Ranachowski,et al.  Acoustic emission measurement of foam evolution in H2O–C2H5OH–air systems with content of detergent triton X-100 , 1998 .

[36]  D. Betteridge,et al.  Acoustic emissions from chemical reactions , 1981 .

[37]  G. B. Tatterson,et al.  Cavity sound resonance and mass transfer in aerated agitated tanks , 1988 .

[38]  J. D. Turner,et al.  Acoustics for Engineers , 1991 .

[39]  K. S. Mylvaganam,et al.  Acoustic measurements detect sand in North Sea flow lines , 1990 .

[40]  J. Williams,et al.  Particle size determination from acoustic emissions , 1977 .

[41]  Witold Żukowski,et al.  Acoustic effects during the combustion of gaseous fuels in a bubbling fluidized bed , 1999 .

[42]  Richard A Williams,et al.  Acoustic monitoring of pipeline flows: particulate slurries , 1999 .

[43]  L. E. Scriven,et al.  Cocurrent downflow in packed beds. Flow regimes and their acoustic signatures , 1990 .

[44]  Ronald A. Roy,et al.  The velocity of sound in fluidised beds , 1990 .

[45]  A. Wade,et al.  Quantitative study of acoustic emission from a model chemical process , 1986 .

[46]  E. Laine,et al.  Acoustic emission during powder compaction and its frequency spectral analysis , 1993 .

[47]  M. F. Leach,et al.  Particle size distribution characterization from acoustic emissions , 1978 .

[48]  M. Strasberg,et al.  Gas Bubbles as Sources of Sound in Liquids , 1956 .

[49]  Tsuguo Sawada,et al.  Acoustic emissions arising from the gelation of sodium carbonate and calcium chloride , 1985 .

[50]  T. F. Drouillard.  Introduction to acoustic emission , 1988 .

[51]  C. James Li,et al.  Acoustic emission analysis for bearing condition monitoring , 1995 .

[52]  J. Drahoš,et al.  Effect of operating conditions on the characteristics of pressure fluctuations in a bubble column , 1991 .

[53]  P. Wentzell,et al.  Characterization of acoustic emission from an electrolysis cell , 1991 .

[54]  Jan Reedijk,et al.  ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING THE PREPARATION OF DICHLORO(PYRAZINE)ZINC(II) , 1978 .

[55]  Masaaki Tomizawa,et al.  New monitoring system for thermal power plants using digital image processing and sound analysis , 1995 .

[56]  Mark J. McCready,et al.  Origin of disturbances in cocurrent gas‐liquid packed bed flows , 1995 .

[57]  K. Glucina,et al.  Acoustic sensor: a novel technique for low pressure membrane integrity monitoring☆ , 1998 .

[58]  L. B. rno.KC.  Ultrasonic sensors , 1988 .

[59]  G. B. Tatterson,et al.  On the interrelationship between mass transfer and sound spectra in an aerated, agitated tank , 1987 .

[60]  Gerald H. Brusewitz,et al.  Sound Level Measurements on Flowing Wheat , 1986 .

[61]  Geoff Barton,et al.  Acoustics based on-line quality estimation , 1998 .

[62]  Larry E. Erickson,et al.  ACOUSTIC STUDIES OF INTERFACIAL EFFECTS IN AIRLIFT REACTORS , 1992 .

[63]  J. Varley,et al.  Sound measurement as a means of gas‐bubble sizing in aerated agitated tanks , 1998 .