DOCUMENTOS DE TRABAJO ISSN 2174-4912 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN THE IBERIAN ECONOMIES, 1800-2000

This paper analyses the stages of structural change between the three main sectors of the Iberian economies. We also measure the contribution of structural change to economic growth in the long term and we disaggregate within the three sectors to determine the leading industries at each stage of economic transformation. Finally, we also study the contribution of these sectors to economic growth. Our work shows that both Iberian countries were latecomers in industrialisation and also in agricultural success. With a late start in the mid-nineteenth century in relation to the core European countries, they advanced in terms of structural change during the interwar period and experienced post-1950 growth miracles. Major changes took place when technological change and foreign markets were adapted to their factor endowments. The main differences between both countries were the slow path of Portugal in relation to Spain, and the less intense Portuguese structural change, with agriculture having a lower and services a higher share of GDP and employment during the nineteenth century with the opposite being the case in the twentieth century. Within the industrial sector, light industries and industries less intensive in skilled labour and capital had a higher importance in Portugal than in Spain.

[1]  Luciano Amaral.  The Modern Portuguese Economy in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries , 2019, Palgrave Studies in Economic History.

[2]  SofiaTeives Henriques,et al.  Without coal in the age of steam and dams in the age of electricity: an explanation for the failure of Portugal to industrialize before the Second World War , 2020 .

[3]  Alvaro Cuervo‐Cazurra.  Business Groups in Spain: Regulation and Ideology Drivers for Transformation , 2018 .

[4]  Jorge Hernando Cuñado.  Factores de modernización de la comercialización en España en el siglo XX. Tendencias y retos futuros , 2018 .

[5]  V. Pinilla.  Agricultural crisis in Spain (19th and 20th centuries) , 2017 .

[6]  Luciano Amaral,et al.  Agricultural policy, growth and demise, 1930-2000 , 2017 .

[7]  V. Pinilla,et al.  The Spanish path of agrarian change, 1950-2005: From authoritarian to export-oriented productivism , 2018 .

[8]  Á. Silva,et al.  Multinationals and foreign direct investment: The Portuguese experience (1900-2010) , 2016 .

[9]  N. Puig,et al.  The Long-Term Impact of Foreign Multinational Enterprises in Spain: New Insights into an Old Topic , 2016 .

[10]  Á. F. da Silva,et al.  Business groups in Portugal in the Estado Novo period (1930–1974): family, power and structural change , 2016 .

[11]  E. Kaestner.  Americanization And Its Limits Reworking Us Technology And Management In Post War Europe And Japan , 2016 .

[12]  Raúl Serrano,et al.  The Internationalisation of the Spanish food industry: The home market effect and European market integration , 2015 .

[13]  V. Navarro,et al.  El comercio agroalimentario español en la segunda globalización, 1951-2011 , 2015 .

[14]  Jordi Martí-Henneberg,et al.  European regional railways and real income, 1870–1910: a preliminary report , 2013 .

[15]  V. Pinilla,et al.  PATTERNS AND CAUSES OF GROWTH OF EUROPEAN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, 1950-2005 , 2013 .

[16]  D. Rodrik.  STRUCTURAL CHANGE, FUNDAMENTALS, AND GROWTH: AN OVERVIEW , 2013 .

[17]  Pedro Lains,et al.  Regional Incomes in Portugal: Industrialisation, Integration and Inequality, 1890-1980* , 2012, Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History.

[18]  Nayantara Hensel,et al.  The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business , 2012 .

[19]  Sergio Espuelas.  Are dictatorships less redistributive? A comparative analysis of social spending in Europe, 1950–1980 , 2012 .

[20]  Rafael Vallejo Pousada.  Economía e historia del turismo español del siglo XX , 2012 .

[21]  Luciano Amaral.  Institutions, property and economis growth: Back to the passage from the Ancien Régime to liberlism in Portugal. , 2012 .

[22]  Pablo Martín-Aceña,et al.  The Spanish Financial System: Growth and Development Since 1900 , 2011 .

[23]  M. Ayuda,et al.  Taking advantage of globalization? Spain and the building of the international market in Mediterranean horticultural products, 1850–1935 , 2010 .

[24]  Pedro Lains,et al.  Paying for the liberal state: the rise of public finance in nineteenth century Europe , 2010 .

[25]  V. Pinilla,et al.  Agriculture and economic development in Portugal, 1870–1973 , 2008 .

[26]  M. Ayuda,et al.  The International Wine Market, 1850–1938 , 2007 .

[27]  L. Escosura.  Growth and structural change in Spain, 1850–2000: a european perspective+* , 2007, Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History.

[28]  Alfonso Herranz Loncán.  Railroad Impact in Backward Economies: Spain, 1850–1913 , 2006, The Journal of Economic History.

[29]  J. Jareño,et al.  Radiografía del sector servicios en España , 2006 .

[30]  S. Broadberry.  MARKET SERVICES AND THE PRODUCTIVITY RACE, 1850-2000: BRITAIN, THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY , 2006 .

[31]  M. Llopis.  The spanish economic «miracle»: a disaggregated approach to productivity growth, 1958–1975* , 2006, Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History.

[32]  Concha Betrán,et al.  Natural resources, electrification and economic growth from the end of the nineteenth century until World War II* , 2005, Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History.

[33]  L. Jiménez.  Una nueva historia económica de Portugal , 2005 .

[34]  Pedro Lains.  Catching up to the European core: Portuguese economic growth, 1910-1990 , 2003 .

[35]  S. Broadberry,et al.  Technology, organisation and productivity performance in services: lessons from Britain and the United States since 1870 , 2003 .

[36]  Jordi Nadal,et al.  Atlas de la industrialización de España: 1750-2000 , 2003 .

[37]  J. M. Berenguer,et al.  Atlas de la industrialización de España , 2003 .

[38]  M. Ayuda,et al.  The political economy of the wine trade: Spanish exports and the international market, 1890–1935 , 2002 .

[39]  Ángel Calvo.  Los inicios de las telecomunicaciones en España: el telégrafo* , 2001, Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History.

[40]  Domingo Gallego Martínez.  Historia de un desarrollo pausado: integración mercantil y transformaciones productivas de la agricultura española (1800-1936) , 2001 .

[41]  M. Angel,et al.  La productividad de los factores en la agricultura española (1752-1935) , 1998 .

[42]  C. Pérez.  Tamaño de mercado y crecimiento industrial en España durante el primer tercio del siglo XX , 1997 .

[43]  Domingo Gallego Martínez,et al.  Del librecambio matizado al proteccionismo selectivo: el comercio exterior de productos agrarios y alimentos en España entre 1849 y 1935 , 1996, Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History.

[44]  A. Escudero.  Pesimistas y optimistas ante el "boom" minero , 1996 .

[45]  P. Lains.  A economia portuguesa no século XIX : crescimento económico e comércio externo, 1851-1913 , 1995 .

[46]  C. Harvey,et al.  Mineral wealth and economic development: foreign direct investment in Spain, 1851-1913 , 1987 .

[47]  Domingo Gallego Martínez.  Transformaciones técnicas de la agricultura española en el primer tercio del siglo XX , 1985 .

[48]  A. Vieira.  The role of Britain and France in the finance of Portuguese railways, 1850-1890: A comparative study in speculation, corruption and inefficiency. , 1983 .

[49]  Jaime Reis.  A "lei da fome": as origens do proteccionismo cerealífero (1889-1914) , 1980 .