Co-operative responsive electric vehicles for social-economic dispatch

Nowadays, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are widely promoted to replace conventional internal combustion-based vehicles to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gases emissions. This is likely to create a huge stress to the power system and create new problems in its operation due to uncontrolled power and energy transactions by PEVs. Nevertheless, the stress can be avoided by proper coordination and cooperation of responsive PEVs (REVs) with utilities and system operators. This chapter presents a study on the integration of power system generation assets, REVs, and behavior of REV owners as a cyber-physical-social power system (CPSPS). Sustainability criteria are applied in a CPSPS framework to formulate a social-economic dispatch with REVs (SED-REVs) problem. This involves the participation of REVs through modeling of the behavior of REV owners and the load demands of a given power system. Two types of modeling are carried out, namely, first, modeling the participation percentage of REVs as their responsiveness level with respect to incentive schemes in a SED-REVs problem and second, stochastic modeling of the presence of REVs in SmartParks (parking lots for PEVs with capability to carry out energy transactions). The variability and stochastic nature of the REVs behavior and load demand is addressed by applying a heuristic optimization methodology to solve the SED-REVs problem.