Transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication models for the human ankle joint.

An equivalent bearing was proposed to represent the normal human ankle joint. The geometry was based on measurements of dissected ankle joints and tissue properties were obtained from the work of previous investigators. Theoretical models were developed to estimate the cyclic variation in lubricant film thickness and coefficient of friction during repetitive activities such as walking. Solutions were obtained for various combinations of input parameters. For the conditions representing the walking cycle, film thicknesses of about 0.7 μm were calculated. Although this value was smaller than most previous measurements of the rms roughness of cartilage, it was not much smaller and suggested that transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication played a role in synovial joint lubrication. The possibility of full fluid film lubrication was supported only when a very high input viscosity was employed, based on values estimated from the previous experimental studies of the boosted lubrication mechanism. Also, an attempt...

[1]  L. Dintenfass.  LUBRICATION IN SYNOVIAL JOINTS: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS. , 1963, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[2]  Van C. Mow,et al.  Mechanics of Animal Joints , 1979 .

[3]  C. J. Hooke,et al.  Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Soft, Highly Deformed Contacts: , 1972 .

[4]  D Dowson,et al.  "Boosted lubrication" of human joints by fluid enrichment and entrapment. , 1969, Biomedical engineering.

[5]  J. Faber,et al.  Lubrication of joints. , 1967, Journal of applied physiology.

[6]  I. Paul,et al.  Response of joints to impact loading. 3. Relationship between trabecular microfractures and cartilage degeneration. , 1973, Journal of biomechanics.

[7]  R. H. Bentall,et al.  An elastic strip in plane rolling contact , 1968 .

[8]  P. Gupta,et al.  Contact Stresses Between an Elastic Cylinder and a Layered Elastic Solid , 1974 .

[9]  D. Roylance,et al.  Oscillatory compressional behavior of articular cartilage and its associated electromechanical properties. , 1981, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[10]  R. Tanner.  An alternative mechanism for the lubrication of synovial joints. , 1966, Physics in medicine and biology.

[11]  Duncan Dowson,et al.  Elastohydrostatic Lubrication of Circular Plate Thrust Bearings , 1967 .

[12]  D. Dowson,et al.  Mode of aggregation of hyaluronic acid protein complex on the surface of articular cartilage. , 1970, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[13]  L. Sokoloff,et al.  The Joints and synovial fluid , 1978 .

[14]  R. M. Kenedi,et al.  Friction and Wear Studies of Articular Cartilage: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study , 1975 .

[15]  L. Mockros,et al.  Indentation tests of human articular cartilage. , 1976, Journal of biomechanics.

[16]  V. Castelli,et al.  On the Analytical and Experimental Investigation of a Hydrostatic, Axisymmetric Compliant-Surface Thrust Bearing , 1967 .

[17]  G. R. Higginson.  Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in Human Joints , 1978 .

[18]  D. Dowson,et al.  Surface geometry of the human ankle joint. , 1983, Engineering in medicine.

[19]  Duncan Dowson,et al.  The Frictional Behavior of Human Synovial Joints—Part I: Natural Joints , 1975 .

[20]  J. Joseph.  Modern Trends in Biomechanics. , 1971 .

[21]  D. Dowson,et al.  The elastic behaviour of articular cartilage under a sinusoidally varying compressive stress , 1977 .

[22]  W A Glaeser,et al.  Effects of cartilage stiffness and viscosity on a nonporous compliant bearing lubrication model for living joints. , 1979, Journal of biomechanics.

[23]  John B. Medley.  The lubrication of normal human ankle joints , 1981 .

[24]  I. Paul,et al.  Animal Joint Behaviour under Excessive Loading , 1970, Nature.

[25]  I L Paul,et al.  A consolidated concept of joint lubrication. , 1972, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[26]  G. Higginson,et al.  Fluid entrapment by a soft surface layer , 1974 .

[27]  F. C. Linn,et al.  Lubrication of animal joints. 3. The effect of certain chemical alterations of the cartilage and lubricant. , 1968, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[28]  W C Hayes,et al.  Viscoelastic properties of human articular cartilage. , 1971, Journal of applied physiology.

[29]  I. Clarke.  Quantitative measurement of human articular surface topography in vitro by profile recorder and stereo‐microscopy techniques , 1973, Journal of microscopy.

[30]  Duncan Dowson,et al.  The Rheology of Synovial Fluid and Some Potential Synthetic Lubricants for Degenerate Synovial Joints , 1978 .

[31]  V C Mow,et al.  On the fundamental fluid transport mechanisms through normal and pathological articular cartilage during function--I. The formulation. , 1976, Journal of biomechanics.

[32]  Mcutchen Cw.  Boundary lubrication by synovial fluid: demonstration and possible osmotic explanation. , 1966 .

[33]  R. N. Stauffer,et al.  Force and motion analysis of the normal, diseased, and prosthetic ankle joint. , 1977, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[34]  S. L. Lee,et al.  A Proposed Model of Boundary Lubrication by Synovial Fluid: Structuring of Boundary Water , 1979 .

[35]  P. E. Gill,et al.  An algorithm for the integration of unequally spaced data , 1972, Comput. J..

[36]  C. McCutchen,et al.  Mechanism of Animal Joints: Sponge-hydrostatic and Weeping Bearings , 1959, Nature.

[37]  Duncan Dowson,et al.  A Study of the Role of Synovial Fluid and its Constituents in the Friction and Lubrication of Human Hip Joints , 1978 .

[38]  J. Lambert.  Computational Methods in Ordinary Differential Equations , 1973 .

[39]  J. F. Booker,et al.  Elastohydrodynamic Squeeze Films: Effects of Viscoelasticity and Fluctuating Load , 1979 .

[40]  EricShirley Jones,et al.  NOTES, COMMENTS, AND ABSTRACTSJOINT LUBRICATION , 1934 .

[41]  G. Higginson,et al.  The Lubrication of Porous Elastic Solids with Reference to the Functioning of Human Joints , 1974 .

[42]  Duncan Dowson,et al.  Analysis of ‘Boosted Lubrication’ in Human Joints: , 1970 .

[43]  M. A. R. Freeman,et al.  Adult Articular Cartilage , 1973 .

[44]  I. Paul,et al.  Response of joints to impact loading. I. In vitro wear. , 1971, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[45]  F. C. Linn,et al.  Lubrication of animal joints. II. The mechanism. , 1968, Journal of biomechanics.

[46]  C. J. Hooke,et al.  Non-Hertzian Elastohydrodynamic Contacts: An Experimental Investigation , 1977 .

[47]  C. Barnett,et al.  LUBRICATION WITHIN LIVING JOINTS , 1962 .

[48]  A Unsworth,et al.  Modes of lubrication in human hip joints. , 1982, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[49]  A Unsworth,et al.  Measurement of the surface microgeometry of articular cartilage. , 1979, Journal of biomechanics.

[50]  F. F. Ling,et al.  On weeping lubrication theory , 1969 .

[51]  A Seireg,et al.  The prediction of muscular lad sharing and joint forces in the lower extremities during walking. , 1975, Journal of biomechanics.

[52]  G R Higginson,et al.  The Mechanical Stiffness of Articular Cartilage in Confined Oscillating Compression , 1979 .

[53]  V C Mow,et al.  On the fundamental fluid transport mechanisms through normal and pathological articular cartilage during function - II. The analysis, solution and conclusions. , 1976, Journal of biomechanics.

[54]  F. C. Linn,et al.  Lubrication of animal joints. I. The arthrotripsometer. , 1967, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[55]  J. Wilkins.  Proteolytic Destruction of Synovial Boundary Lubrication , 1968, Nature.

[56]  A S Greenwald,et al.  Mathematical model of the human ankle joint. , 1983, Journal of biomechanics.

[57]  G. Higginson,et al.  A model investigation of squeeze-film lubrication in animal joints. , 1974, Physics in medicine and biology.

[58]  D. Dowson,et al.  Behaviour of synovial fluid on surfaces of articular cartilage. A scanning electron microscope study. , 1969, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[59]  W. P. Blount,et al.  Cartilaginous Exostoses Following Irradiation , 1962 .

[60]  A. B. Drought,et al.  WALKING PATTERNS OF NORMAL MEN. , 1964, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[61]  D Dowson,et al.  "Boosted lubrication" in synovial joints by fluid entrapment and enrichment. , 1968, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[62]  Joseph M. Mansour,et al.  On the Natural Lubrication of Synovial Joints: Normal and Degenerate , 1976 .

[63]  G. R. Higginson,et al.  Paper 1: The Theoretical Effects of Elastic Deformation of the Bearing Liner on Journal Bearing Performance , 1965 .

[64]  M. Freeman.  Lubrication and Wear in Joints , 1970 .

[65]  A. B. Strong,et al.  Hydrophilic Polyurethane Elastomers for Hemiarthroplasty: A Preliminary in Vitro Wear Study , 1980 .

[66]  C. McCutchen.  The frictional properties of animal joints , 1962 .

[67]  K L Lambert,et al.  The weight-bearing function of the fibula. A strain gauge study. , 1971, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.