The stereochemical configuration of flavanols influences the level and metabolism of flavanols in humans and their biological activity in vivo.

[1]  J. Vincken,et al.  Procyanidin dimers A1, A2, and B2 are absorbed without conjugation or methylation from the small intestine of rats. , 2009, The Journal of nutrition.

[2]  M. Lean,et al.  Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[3]  J. Hodgson,et al.  Pure dietary flavonoids quercetin and (-)-epicatechin augment nitric oxide products and reduce endothelin-1 acutely in healthy men. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[4]  J. Salonen,et al.  Flavonoid intake and the risk of ischaemic stroke and CVD mortality in middle-aged Finnish men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study , 2008, British Journal of Nutrition.

[5]  J. Blumberg,et al.  Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolate. , 2008, The Journal of nutrition.

[6]  C. Auger,et al.  Bioavailability of polyphenon E flavan-3-ols in humans with an ileostomy. , 2008, The Journal of nutrition.

[7]  T. Rassaf,et al.  Sustained benefits in vascular function through flavanol-containing cocoa in medicated diabetic patients a double-masked, randomized, controlled trial. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[8]  R. Lamuela-Raventós,et al.  Flavanol and flavonol contents of cocoa powder products: influence of the manufacturing process. , 2008, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[9]  F. Ruschitzka,et al.  Dark Chocolate Improves Coronary Vasomotion and Reduces Platelet Reactivity , 2007, Circulation.

[10]  C. Kwik-Uribe,et al.  Flavanol monomer-induced changes to the human faecal microflora , 2007, British Journal of Nutrition.

[11]  C. Lehmann,et al.  Effects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide: a randomized controlled trial. , 2007, JAMA.

[12]  E. Schömig,et al.  Effect of cocoa and tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis. , 2007, Archives of internal medicine.

[13]  D. Jacobs,et al.  Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective study in postmenopausal women. , 2007, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[14]  T. Rassaf,et al.  Sustained Increase in Flow-Mediated Dilation After Daily Intake of High-Flavanol Cocoa Drink Over 1 Week , 2007, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology.

[15]  D. Brocks Drug disposition in three dimensions: an update on stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetics , 2006, Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition.

[16]  M. McCullough,et al.  Hypertension, the Kuna, and the Epidemiology of Flavanols , 2006, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology.

[17]  E. Feskens,et al.  Cocoa intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular mortality: the Zutphen Elderly Study. , 2006, Archives of internal medicine.

[18]  N. Hollenberg,et al.  (-)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[19]  G. Williamson,et al.  (+)-Catechin is more bioavailable than (−)-catechin: Relevance to the bioavailability of catechin from cocoa , 2006, Free radical research.

[20]  H. Sies,et al.  Acute consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa and the reversal of endothelial dysfunction in smokers. , 2005, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[21]  C. Auger,et al.  The absorption, metabolism and excretion of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins following the ingestion of a grape seed extract by rats , 2005, British Journal of Nutrition.

[22]  S. Necozione,et al.  Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[23]  S. Kodama,et al.  Direct enantioseparation of catechin and epicatechin in tea drinks by 6‐O‐α‐D‐glucosyl‐β‐cyclodextrin‐modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography , 2004 .

[24]  G. Beecher,et al.  Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption. , 2004, The Journal of nutrition.

[25]  N. Hollenberg,et al.  Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans , 2003, Journal of hypertension.

[26]  H. Sies,et al.  Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols. , 2003, JAMA.

[27]  W. Klaus,et al.  Chocolate and blood pressure in elderly individuals with isolated systolic hypertension. , 2003, JAMA.

[28]  K. Murphy,et al.  Dietary flavanols and procyanidin oligomers from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) inhibit platelet function. , 2003, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[29]  M. Sasaki,et al.  Structures of (-)-epicatechin glucuronide identified from plasma and urine after oral ingestion of (-)-epicatechin: differences between human and rat. , 2003, Free radical biology & medicine.

[30]  M. Kikuchi,et al.  Procyanidin B1 Is Detected in Human Serum after Intake of Proanthocyanidin-rich Grape Seed Extract , 2003, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[31]  C. Fraga,et al.  Procyanidin dimer B2 [epicatechin-(4beta-8)-epicatechin] in human plasma after the consumption of a flavanol-rich cocoa. , 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[32]  S. Lazarus,et al.  Chocolate consumption and platelet function. , 2002, JAMA.

[33]  A. Scalbert,et al.  Procyanidins are not bioavailable in rats fed a single meal containing a grapeseed extract or the procyanidin dimer B3 , 2002, British Journal of Nutrition.

[34]  M. Natsume,et al.  In vivo comparison of the bioavailability of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and their mixture in orally administered rats. , 2001, The Journal of nutrition.

[35]  A. Folsom,et al.  Dietary catechins in relation to coronary heart disease death among postmenopausal women , 2001, Epidemiology.

[36]  D. Kromhout,et al.  Catechin intake might explain the inverse relation between tea consumption and ischemic heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. , 2001, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[37]  C. Rice-Evans,et al.  Epicatechin is the primary bioavailable form of the procyanidin dimers B2 and B5 after transfer across the small intestine. , 2001, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[38]  J. Keaney,et al.  Short- and Long-Term Black Tea Consumption Reverses Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease , 2001, Circulation.

[39]  D. Kromhout,et al.  Catechin intake and associated dietary and lifestyle factors in a representative sample of Dutch men and women , 2001, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[40]  M. Natsume,et al.  Bioavailability of (-)-epicatechin upon intake of chocolate and cocoa in human volunteers , 2000, Free radical research.

[41]  J. R. Bell,et al.  Catechin is present as metabolites in human plasma after consumption of red wine. , 1999, The Journal of nutrition.

[42]  E. Feskens,et al.  Antioxidant flavonols and coronary heart disease risk , 1997, The Lancet.

[43]  J J Strain,et al.  The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay. , 1996, Analytical biochemistry.

[44]  E. Feskens,et al.  Dietary Flavonoids, Antioxidant Vitamins, and Incidence of Stroke: The Zutphen Study , 1996 .

[45]  D Kromhout,et al.  Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. , 1995, Archives of internal medicine.

[46]  E. Feskens,et al.  Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study , 1993, The Lancet.

[47]  H. Alessio,et al.  Oxygen-radical absorbance capacity assay for antioxidants. , 1993, Free radical biology & medicine.

[48]  Gary Williamson,et al.  Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[49]  G. Tucker,et al.  Enantiomer specific pharmacokinetics. , 1990, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[50]  M D Blaufox,et al.  Blood volume in the rat. , 1985, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.