Comparison of focus measures in face detection environments

This work presents a comparison among different focus measures used in the literature for autofocusing in a non previously explored application of face detection. This application has different characteristics to those where traditionally autofocus methods have been applied like microscopy or depth from focus. The aim of the work is to nd if the best focus measures in traditional applications of autofocus have the same performance in face detection applications. To do that six focus measures has been studied in four different settings from the oldest to more recent ones.

[1]  Matej Kristan,et al.  A Bayes-spectral-entropy-based measure of camera focus using a discrete cosine transform , 2006, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[2]  Nasser Kehtarnavaz,et al.  Development and real-time implementation of a rule-based auto-focus algorithm , 2003, Real Time Imaging.

[3]  Eric Krotkov,et al.  Focusing , 2004, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[4]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Face recognition: A literature survey , 2003, CSUR.

[5]  Sung-Jea Ko,et al.  An advanced video camera system with robust AF, AE, and AWB control , 2001, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron..

[6]  Shree K. Nayar,et al.  Shape from Focus , 1994, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[7]  Ross Cutler,et al.  Practical calibrations for a real-time digital omnidirectional camera , 2001 .

[8]  Takeo Kanade,et al.  Neural Network-Based Face Detection , 1998, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[9]  M.V. Shirvaikar.  An optimal measure for camera focus and exposure , 2004, Thirty-Sixth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, 2004. Proceedings of the.

[10]  Ralph Gross,et al.  Quo vadis Face Recognition , 2001 .

[11]  Erik Hjelmås,et al.  Face Detection: A Survey , 2001, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[12]  Yong-Moo Kwon,et al.  Implementation of a passive automatic focusing algorithm for digital still camera , 1995 .

[13]  Narendra Ahuja,et al.  Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey , 2002, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[14]  Bradley J Nelson,et al.  Autofocusing in computer microscopy: Selecting the optimal focus algorithm , 2004, Microscopy research and technique.

[15]  M. Kristan,et al.  Entropy Based Measure of Camera Focus , 2004 .

[16]  K Cook,et al.  Comparison of autofocus methods for automated microscopy. , 1991, Cytometry.

[17]  Alex Pentland,et al.  View-based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[18]  Sung-Jea Ko,et al.  New autofocusing technique using the frequency selective weighted median filter for video cameras , 1999, 1999 Digest of Technical Papers. International Conference on Consumer Electronics (Cat. No.99CH36277).

[19]  Muralidhara Subbarao,et al.  Selecting the Optimal Focus Measure for Autofocusing and Depth-From-Focus , 1998, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[20]  Marcelo H. Ang,et al.  Practical issues in pixel-based autofocusing for machine vision , 2001, Proceedings 2001 ICRA. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.01CH37164).