The Design of Natural and Artificial Adaptive Systems

The design of adaptive systems will be among the key research problems of the 21st century. This new field is emerging from several distinct lines of work. • Modern immunology is based on the theory of clonal selection and adaptive immunity. The remarkable recognition abilities of the vertebrate immune system depend on the programmed mechanisms of antibody variation and selection that occur within each individual. • The design of intelligent computer systems and robots depends on a balance between adaptive improvement by exploration and efficient exploitation of known solutions. Many of the current computer implementations use evolutionary algorithms to achieve adaptation to novel or changing environments. • The adaptive response of genetic systems to environmental challenge depends strongly on the tempo and mode of sex and recombination. Sexual systems vary widely in nature. Which processes have shaped this variation is a major puzzle in evolutionary biology. • Wiring a brain during development and using that brain to learn are great problems of information management. Recent studies in neuroscience suggest that programmed mechanisms of stochastic variation and controlled selection guide neural development and learning. If true, then nature has solved these informational problems by using somatic adaptive systems that are programmed to work in the same way as natural selection. What do these different fields have in common? Will there be a new science of adaptation shared by biology and engineering? Can a unified theory guide the study of so many different phenomena? What will be the central tenets of such a theory?

[1]  M. Lynch,et al.  The mutational meltdown in asexual populations. , 1993, The Journal of heredity.

[3]  Rodney A. Brooks,et al.  A Robust Layered Control Syste For A Mobile Robot , 2022 .

[4]  Eörs Szathmáry,et al.  The Major Transitions in Evolution , 1997 .

[5]  H J Bremermann,et al.  Parasites at the origin of life , 1983, Journal of mathematical biology.

[6]  P. Feldman.  Evolution of sex , 1975, Nature.

[7]  Jeffry B. Mitton.  CONTROVERSIES OVER THE UNITS OF SELECTION , 1987 .

[8]  A. Lindenmayer.  Developmental systems without cellular interactions, their languages and grammars. , 1971, Journal of theoretical biology.

[9]  A. Kondrashov,et al.  Classification of hypotheses on the advantage of amphimixis. , 1993, The Journal of heredity.

[10]  Thomas S. Ray,et al.  An Approach to the Synthesis of Life , 1991 .

[11]  L. Real.  Information Processing and the Evolutionary Ecology of Cognitive Architecture , 1992, The American Naturalist.

[12]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  How Learning Can Guide Evolution , 1996, Complex Syst..

[13]  R. Matthews,et al.  Ants. , 1898, Science.

[14]  R. Lewontin.  ‘The Selfish Gene’ , 1977, Nature.

[15]  J. Jaenike,et al.  An hypothesis to account for the maintenance of sex within populations , 1978 .

[16]  H. Evans.  The Study of Instinct , 1952 .

[17]  S. Frank,et al.  A MODEL OF INDUCIBLE DEFENSE , 1993, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[18]  J. Slack.  Topobiology: An introduction to molecular embryology G. M. Edelman. Basic Books, New York (1988), 240 pp. price $69.50 , 1991, Neuroscience.

[19]  C. Janeway.  How the immune system recognizes invaders. , 1993, Scientific American.

[20]  John Maynard Smith,et al.  Models of evolution , 1983, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[21]  Marco Colombetti,et al.  Learning to control an autonomous robot by distributed genetic algorithms , 1993 .

[22]  R. French,et al.  Genes, Phenes and the Baldwin Effect: Learning and Evolution in a Simulated Population , 1994 .

[23]  R E Michod,et al.  Genetic error, sex, and diploidy. , 1993, The Journal of heredity.

[24]  G. Nossal.  Life, death and the immune system. , 1993, Scientific American.

[25]  Steven A. Frank,et al.  The Evolutionary Dynamics of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility , 1989, The American Naturalist.

[26]  H. Plotkin.  Evolutionary epistemology as science , 1987 .

[27]  James L. McClelland,et al.  Psychological and biological models , 1986 .

[28]  John H. Holland,et al.  Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery , 1987, IEEE Expert.

[29]  H. Nürnberg.  The Hypercycle. A Principle of Natural Self Organization. , 1981 .

[30]  W. Hamilton.  Pathogens as Causes of Genetic Diversity in their Host Populations , 1982 .

[31]  Juan C. Meza,et al.  Do intelligent configuration search techniques outperform random search for large molecules , 1992 .

[32]  L. Margulis.  Symbiosis in cell evolution: Life and its environment on the early earth , 1981 .

[33]  J. Baldwin.  A New Factor in Evolution , 1896, The American Naturalist.

[34]  Colin W. Clark,et al.  Inducible Defenses and the Allocation of Resources: A Minimal Model , 1992, The American Naturalist.

[35]  D. McFarland,et al.  Intelligent behavior in animals and robots , 1993 .

[36]  H. C. Plotkin,et al.  A multiple-level model of evolution and its implications for sociobiology , 1981, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[37]  W S McCulloch,et al.  A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity , 1990, The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence.

[38]  N. K. Jerne,et al.  THE NATURAL-SELECTION THEORY OF ANTIBODY FORMATION. , 1955, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  D. Cliff.  From animals to animats , 1994, Nature.

[40]  Christopher Alexander.  Notes on the Synthesis of Form , 1964 .

[41]  G. C. Williams.  Sex and evolution. , 1975, Monographs in population biology.

[42]  Thomas R. Cech.  Fishing for fresh catalysts , 1993, Nature.

[43]  A. Freijsen,et al.  Structure and Functioning of Plant Populations , 1980 .

[44]  J. Batali,et al.  Innate biases and critical periods: Combining evolution and learning in the acquisition of syntax , 1994 .

[45]  J. Bruer.  The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness , 1990 .

[46]  D. Bartel,et al.  Isolation of new ribozymes from a large pool of random sequences [see comment]. , 1993, Science.

[47]  W. E. Ritter.  AS TO THE CAUSES OF EVOLUTION. , 1923, Science.

[48]  Robert P. Erickson,et al.  Natural history of the major histocompatibility complex , 1987 .

[49]  Hans Meinhardt,et al.  The Algorithmic Beauty of Sea Shells , 1998, The Virtual Laboratory.

[50]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  The Sciences of the Artificial , 1970 .

[51]  M. Eigen,et al.  The hypercycle. A principle of natural self-organization. Part A: Emergence of the hypercycle. , 1977, Die Naturwissenschaften.

[52]  L. N. Khakhina,et al.  Concepts of symbiogenesis : a historical and critical study of the research of Russian botanists , 1992 .

[53]  R Unger,et al.  Genetic algorithms for protein folding simulations. , 1992, Journal of molecular biology.

[54]  L. Cosmides,et al.  The Adapted mind : evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture , 1992 .

[55]  John Maynard Smith,et al.  Byte-sized evolution , 1992, Nature.

[56]  W. Hamilton.  Sex versus non-sex versus parasite , 1980 .

[57]  P G Schultz,et al.  At the crossroads of chemistry and immunology: catalytic antibodies. , 1991, Science.

[58]  F. Bolck.  The Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease, 3rd edition, C.A. Mims. Academic Press, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-London-Paris-Tokyo (1987), 342 pages, with illustrations, £ 19.95, ISBN: 0-12-498260-3 , 1988 .

[59]  T. Sachs.  Pattern Formation in Plant Tissues , 1991 .

[60]  Anders Krogh,et al.  Introduction to the theory of neural computation , 1994, The advanced book program.

[61]  R. Anderson,et al.  Learning and evolution: a quantitative genetics approach. , 1995, Journal of theoretical biology.

[62]  Pierre Tufféry,et al.  A critical comparison of search algorithms applied to the optimization of protein side‐chain conformations , 1993, J. Comput. Chem..

[63]  John Maynard Smith,et al.  When learning guides evolution , 1987, Nature.

[64]  Lynne E. Parker,et al.  Adaptive action selection for cooperative agent teams , 1993 .

[65]  M. Feldman,et al.  Cultural transmission and evolution: a quantitative approach. , 1981, Monographs in population biology.

[66]  Laurence D. Hurst,et al.  Sex, slime and selfish genes , 1991, Nature.

[67]  M. Dawkins,et al.  Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior , 1988 .

[68]  Stewart W. Wilson,et al.  Environment structure and adaptive behavior from the ground up , 1993 .

[69]  D. Lewis,et al.  MALE STERILITY IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF HERMAPHRODITE PLANTS THE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN FEMALES AND HERMAPHRODITES TO BE EXPECTED WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF INHERITANCE , 1941 .

[70]  Frank Dellaert,et al.  Toward an evolvable model of development for autonomous agent synthesis , 1994 .

[71]  B C Goodwin,et al.  Is morphogenesis an intrinsically robust process? , 1993, Journal of theoretical biology.

[72]  H. Kitano.  Neurogenetic learning: an integrated method of designing and training neural networks using genetic algorithms , 1994 .

[73]  R. Judson.  Teaching polymers to fold , 1992 .

[74]  John Maynard Smith,et al.  Hypercycles and the origin of life , 1979, Nature.

[75]  N. Rashevsky,et al.  Mathematical biology , 1961, Connecticut medicine.

[76]  M. Hanson,et al.  Plant mitochondrial mutations and male sterility. , 1991, Annual review of genetics.

[77]  Chander N. Samy.  Immunology: A Synthesis , 1987, The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine.

[78]  A. McMichael,et al.  Natural selection at work on the surface of virus-infected cells. , 1993, Science.

[79]  C Bresch,et al.  Hypercycles, parasites and packages. , 1980, Journal of theoretical biology.

[80]  S. Eykyn.  Microbiology , 1950, The Lancet.

[81]  Steven A. Frank,et al.  Models of Parasite Virulence , 1996, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[82]  Ron Meir,et al.  The Effect of Learning on the Evolution of Asexual Populations , 1990, Complex Syst..

[83]  A. Kondrashov.  Deleterious mutations and the evolution of sexual reproduction , 1988, Nature.

[84]  G Morin,et al.  Medical Microbiology , 1940, Nature.

[85]  Clonal Selection Theory of Immunity , 1964, Nature.

[86]  Katsunori Shimohara,et al.  Development and Evolution of Hardware Behaviors , 1995, Towards Evolvable Hardware.

[87]  S Forrest,et al.  Genetic algorithms , 1996, CSUR.

[88]  E. Szathmáry,et al.  The origin of chromosomes. I. Selection for linkage. , 1993, Journal of theoretical biology.

[89]  R. Burian,et al.  Genes, Organisms, Populations: Controversies Over the Units of Selection , 1986 .

[90]  G. Kane.  Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, vol 1: Foundations, vol 2: Psychological and Biological Models , 1994 .

[91]  E. Szathmáry,et al.  The integration of the earliest genetic information. , 1989, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[92]  D. Levin,et al.  Pest Pressure and Recombination Systems in Plants , 1975, The American Naturalist.

[93]  M A Nowak,et al.  The optimal number of major histocompatibility complex molecules in an individual. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[94]  P. Ewald.  Evolution of Infectious Disease , 1993 .

[95]  L. Hurst,et al.  Parasite diversity and the evolution of diploidy, multicellularity and anisogamy. , 1990, Journal of theoretical biology.

[96]  R. Punnett,et al.  The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection , 1930, Nature.

[97]  Lee C. Drickamer,et al.  Animal Behavior: Mechanisms, Ecology and Evolution , 1996 .

[98]  E. Leigh,et al.  How does selection reconcile individual advantage with the good of the group? , 1977, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[99]  Fred O. Gearing.  Toward a General Theory of Cultural Transmission , 1984 .

[100]  John H. Holland,et al.  Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence , 1992 .

[101]  Richard S. Judson,et al.  Conformational searching methods for small molecules. II. Genetic algorithm approach , 1993, J. Comput. Chem..

[102]  D. Deamer,et al.  Origins of Life: The Central Concepts , 1994 .

[103]  E. Szathmáry,et al.  Group selection of early replicators and the origin of life. , 1987, Journal of theoretical biology.

[104]  S A Benner,et al.  Catalysis: design versus selection. , 1993, Science.

[105]  T. Sachs,et al.  Epigenetic selection: an alternative mechanism of pattern formation. , 1988, Journal of theoretical biology.

[106]  M. Eigen,et al.  Steps Towards Life: A Perspective on Evolution , 1992 .

[107]  M. Eigen,et al.  The Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization , 2009 .

[108]  David H. Ackley,et al.  Interactions between learning and evolution , 1991 .

[109]  R M May,et al.  Coevolution of hosts and parasites , 1982, Parasitology.

[110]  G. Bell,et al.  The sexual nature of the eukaryote genome. , 1993, The Journal of heredity.

[111]  C. Lumsden.  Culture and the Evolutionary Process, Robert Boyd, Peter J. Richerson. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London (1985), viii, +301. Price $29.95 , 1986 .

[112]  Dan Cohen,et al.  Plants as competing populations of redundant organs , 1993 .

[113]  M. L. Kagan,et al.  Variable Cell Lineages form the Functional Pea Epidermis , 1992 .

[114]  R. Tollrian,et al.  The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses , 1990, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[115]  G. Reeke.  The society of mind , 1991 .

[116]  L. Real,et al.  Toward a cognitive ecology. , 1993, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[117]  Günter P. Wagner,et al.  How can a character be developmentally constrained despite variation in developmental pathways? , 1993 .

[118]  Rosalinde Hurley,et al.  The Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease. , 1977 .

[119]  C V Hayes.  Will we survive? , 1981, The Florida nurse.

[120]  Richard S. Judson,et al.  Analysis of the genetic algorithm method of molecular conformation determination , 1993, J. Comput. Chem..

[121]  Allen Newell,et al.  Heuristic programming: ill-structured problems , 1993 .

[122]  Tony R. Martinez,et al.  Digital Neural Networks , 1988, Proceedings of the 1988 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[123]  R. Dawkins.  The Extended Phenotype , 1982 .

[124]  Laurence D. Hurst,et al.  Cytoplasmic fusion and the nature of sexes , 1992, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[125]  B. Charlesworth,et al.  The evolution of sex and recombination in a varying environment. , 1993, The Journal of heredity.