Recent advances in activity and durability enhancement of Pt/C catalytic cathode in PEMFC: Part II: Degradation mechanism and durability enhancement of carbon supported platinum catalyst
暂无分享,去创建一个
Siyu Ye | Xingwen Yu | S. Ye | Xingwen Yu
[1] W. D. de Heer,et al. Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications , 2002, Science.
[2] Hiroyuki Uchida,et al. Enhancement of the Electroreduction of Oxygen on Pt Alloys with Fe, Ni, and Co , 1999 .
[3] T. R. Ralph,et al. Catalysis for low temperature fuel cells. Part I: The cathode challenges , 2002 .
[4] F. Rodríguez-Reinoso,et al. The role of carbon materials in heterogeneous catalysis , 1998 .
[5] Qin Xin,et al. Preparation and Characterization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Supported Platinum for Cathode Catalysts of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells , 2003 .
[6] D. Rivin. Use of Lithium Aluminum Hydride in the Study of Surface Chemistry of Carbon Black , 1963 .
[7] K. Kinoshita,et al. Influence of electrochemical treatment in phosphoric acid on the wettability of carbons , 1975 .
[8] Lei Zhang,et al. The effect of heat treatment on nanoparticle size and ORR activity for carbon-supported Pd–Co alloy electrocatalysts , 2007 .
[9] V. S. Bagotzky,et al. Electrocatalysts on supports—I. Electrochemical and adsorptive properties of platinum microdeposits on inert supports , 1984 .
[10] D. Thompsett,et al. Carbon Monoxide Electro‐oxidation Properties of Carbon‐Supported PtSn Catalysts Prepared Using Surface Organometallic Chemistry , 2000 .
[11] Masahiro Watanabe,et al. Activity and Stability of Ordered and Disordered Co‐Pt Alloys for Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells , 1994 .
[12] Weijiang Zhou,et al. Nano-stuctured Pt–Fe/C as cathode catalyst in direct methanol fuel cell , 2004 .
[13] R. Baker,et al. Graphite Nanofibers as an Electrode for Fuel Cell Applications , 2001 .
[14] D. Stevens,et al. Thermal degradation of the support in carbon-supported platinum electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells , 2005 .
[15] Brian E. Conway,et al. Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry , 1974 .
[16] T. Iwasita,et al. An FTIR study of the catalytic activity of a 85:15 Pt:Ru alloy for methanol oxidation. , 1990 .
[17] V. Montiel,et al. Electrochemical characterization of platinum–ruthenium nanoparticles prepared by water-in-oil microemulsion , 2004 .
[18] K. Kinoshita,et al. Electrochemical Oxygen Technology , 1992 .
[19] M. Ravikumar,et al. Synthesis and characterisation of carbon-supported PtGe electrocatalysts for CO oxidation , 2001 .
[20] Andrew Dicks,et al. The role of carbon in fuel cells , 2006 .
[21] J. H. Chen,et al. High dispersion and electrocatalytic properties of platinum on well-aligned carbon nanotube arrays , 2004 .
[22] K. Friedrich,et al. Structure and Local Reactivity of Supported Catalyst/Nafion® Layers studied by in‐situ STM , 2006 .
[23] Lei Zhang,et al. A review of anode catalysis in the direct methanol fuel cell , 2006 .
[24] J. Védrine,et al. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of Pd and Pt ions in type Y-zeolite. Electron transfer between metal aggregates and the support as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron spin resonance , 1978 .
[25] O. Savadogo,et al. Five Percent Platinum‐Tungsten Oxide‐Based Electrocatalysts for Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Cathodes , 1996 .
[26] F. Coowar,et al. Oxygen reduction in acid media on supported iron naphthalocyanine: Effect of isomer configuration and pyrolysis , 1990 .
[27] Soojin Park,et al. Effects of chemical treatment of carbon supports on electrochemical behaviors for platinum catalysts of fuel cells , 2006 .
[28] Prashant V. Kamat,et al. Carbon Nanostructures in Portable Fuel Cells: Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Methanol Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction , 2004 .
[29] W. Sugimoto,et al. Effects of the surface area of carbon support on the characteristics of highly-dispersed PtRu particles as catalysts for methanol oxidation , 2003 .
[30] K. Mittal. Adhesion aspects of metallization of organic polymer surfaces , 1976 .
[31] Kwong‐Yu Chan,et al. Water-in-Oil Microemulsion Synthesis of Platinum−Ruthenium Nanoparticles, Their Characterization and Electrocatalytic Properties , 2003 .
[32] B. Viswanathan,et al. Carbon Nanotubes Generated from Template Carbonization of Polyphenyl Acetylene as the Support for Electrooxidation of Methanol , 2003 .
[33] T. Jarvi,et al. Electrocatalytic corrosion of carbon support in PEMFC cathodes , 2004 .
[34] Ljubisa R. Radovic,et al. Evidence for the protonation of basal plane sites on carbon , 1992 .
[35] C. R. Martin,et al. Metal-Nanocluster-Filled Carbon Nanotubes: Catalytic Properties and Possible Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Production , 1999 .
[36] R. Li,et al. 3D carbon nanotube network based on a hierarchical structure grown on carbon paper backing , 2004 .
[37] V. Radmilović,et al. Carbon cryogel as support of platinum nano-sized electrocatalyst for the hydrogen oxidation reaction , 2006 .
[38] Jong-Ho Choi,et al. Ordered Porous Carbons with Tunable Pore Sizes as Catalyst Supports in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell , 2004 .
[39] M. Mastragostino,et al. Carbon Supports for Electrodeposited Pt-Ru Catalysts for DMFCs , 2004 .
[40] Jong‐Sung Yu,et al. Fabrication of ordered uniform porous carbon networks and their application to a catalyst supporter. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.
[41] L. Pino,et al. Analysis of platinum particle size and oxygen reduction in phosphoric acid , 1991 .
[42] Shimshon Gottesfeld,et al. Surface Area Loss of Supported Platinum in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells , 1993 .
[43] Ji Liang,et al. Nitrobenzene hydrogenation with carbon nanotube-supported platinum catalyst under mild conditions , 2005 .
[44] V. Likholobov,et al. Properties of Pt/C and Pd/C catalysts prepared by reduction with hydrogen of adsorbed metal chlorides: Influence of pore structure of the support , 2000 .
[45] Chien‐Liang Lee,et al. Preparation of Pt nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes and graphite nanofibers via self-regulated reduction of surfactants and their application as electrochemical catalyst , 2005 .
[46] David P. Wilkinson,et al. Progress in the synthesis of carbon nanotube- and nanofiber-supported Pt electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cell catalysis , 2006 .
[47] A. Guerrero-Ruíz,et al. Further insights into the Ru nanoparticles–carbon interactions and their role in the catalytic properties , 2005 .
[48] Zhi-yuan Tang,et al. Heat treatment of carbon-based powders carrying platinum alloy catalysts for oxygen reduction: influence on corrosion resistance and particle size , 1996 .
[49] F. Rodríguez-Reinoso,et al. The effect of oxygen surface groups of the support on platinum dispersion in Pt/carbon catalysts , 1989 .
[50] Rodney L. Borup,et al. Durability of PEFCs at High Humidity Conditions , 2005 .
[51] S. Haile. Fuel cell materials and components , 2003 .
[52] P. Carrott,et al. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SURFACE IONISATION AND SPECIFIC ADSORPTION ON A TWO-SITE MODEL OF A CARBON SURFACE , 1995 .
[53] Toshihiko Nakagawa,et al. Improvement of cathode materials for polymer electrolyte fuel cell , 2004 .
[54] J.A.S. Bett,et al. Potentiodynamic analysis of surface oxides on carbon blacks , 1973 .
[55] Kazuya Arai,et al. Efficient usage of highly dispersed Pt on carbon nanotubes for electrode catalysts of polymer electrolyte fuel cells , 2004 .
[56] P. Lund,et al. Effect of cathode structure on planar free-breathing PEMFC , 2004 .
[57] G. A. Deluga,et al. A Pt−Ru/Graphitic Carbon Nanofiber Nanocomposite Exhibiting High Relative Performance as a Direct-Methanol Fuel Cell Anode Catalyst , 2001 .
[58] S. Srinivasan,et al. Carbon supports for phosphoric acid fuel cell electrocatalysts: alternative materials and methods of evaluation , 1981 .
[59] I. Choi,et al. Dispersing of Ag, Pd, and Pt–Ru alloy nanoparticles on single-walled carbon nanotubes by γ-irradiation , 2005 .
[60] P. Serp,et al. Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in catalysis , 2003 .
[61] Prashant V. Kamat,et al. Fullerene-Based Carbon Nanostructures for Methanol Oxidation , 2004 .
[62] M. Arita,et al. Technical Issues of Fuel Cell Systems for Automotive Application , 2002 .
[63] L. Pino,et al. XPS study of surface oxidation of carbon-supported Pt catalysts , 1995 .
[64] Jacek Klinowski,et al. A new structural model for graphite oxide , 1998 .
[65] T. Jarvi,et al. Characterization of Vulcan Electrochemically Oxidized under Simulated PEM Fuel Cell Conditions , 2004 .
[66] J. Nakamura,et al. Reduction of Pt usage in fuel cell electrocatalysts with carbon nanotube electrodes. , 2004, Chemical communications.
[67] G. Teeter,et al. Influence of metal–support interaction in Pt/C on CO and methanol oxidation reactions , 2004 .
[68] Wan Ramli Wan Daud,et al. Challenges and future developments in proton exchange membrane fuel cells , 2006 .
[69] Y. Hishinuma,et al. Platinum Dispersed on Carbon Catalyst for a Fuel Cell: A Preparation with Sorbitan Monolaurate , 1990 .
[70] Leong Ming Gan,et al. Preparation and characterization of platinum-based electrocatalysts on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells , 2002 .
[71] A. Shukla,et al. Preparation and characterization of platinized-carbon hydrogen anodes for alkali and acid fuel cells , 1985 .
[72] Héctor R. Colón-Mercado,et al. Stability of platinum based alloy cathode catalysts in PEM fuel cells , 2006 .
[73] A. Taniguchi,et al. Analysis of electrocatalyst degradation in PEMFC caused by cell reversal during fuel starvation , 2004 .
[74] Antonino S. Aricò,et al. DMFCs: From Fundamental Aspects to Technology Development , 2001 .
[75] F. Rodríguez-Reinoso,et al. Effect of carbon support and mean Pt particle size on hydrogen chemisorption by carbon-supported Pt ctalysts , 1991 .
[76] E. Antolini. Formation, microstructural characteristics and stability of carbon supported platinum catalysts for low temperature fuel cells , 2003 .
[77] Karl V. Kordesch,et al. Fuel cells and their applications , 1996 .
[78] J. Fierro,et al. Crotonaldehyde hydrogenation over bimetallic PtSn catalysts supported on pregraphitized carbon black. Effect of the preparation method , 1996 .
[79] Yong Yang,et al. In situ FTIR characterization of the electrooxidation of glassy carbon electrodes , 1995 .
[80] M. Watanabe,et al. Temperature dependence of oxygen reduction activity at Pt-Fe, Pt-Co, and Pt-Ni alloy electrodes. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.
[81] A. Jacobson,et al. Pt/C obtained from carbon with different treatments and (NH4)2PtCl6 as a Pt precursor , 2004 .
[82] I. Hsing,et al. The effect of the Pt deposition method and the support on Pt dispersion on carbon nanotubes , 2006 .
[83] J. Willsau,et al. The influence of Pt-activation on the corrosion of carbon in gas diffusion electrodes. A DEMS study , 1984 .
[84] Robert M. Darling,et al. Kinetic Model of Platinum Dissolution in PEMFCs , 2003 .
[85] Jinhua Chen,et al. Deposition and electrocatalytic properties of platinum nanoparticals on carbon nanotubes for methanol electrooxidation , 2004 .
[86] S. Srinivasan,et al. Quantum jumps in the PEMFC science and technology from the 1960s to the year 2000 Part I. Fundamental scientific aspects , 2001 .
[87] J. Goodenough,et al. Intraalloy electron transfer and catalyst performance: a spectroscopic and electrochemical study , 1989 .
[88] H. Gasteiger,et al. Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs , 2005 .
[89] Z. Qi,et al. Advanced Fuel Cell Catalysts Sulfonation of Carbon-Supported Catalysts Using 2-Aminoethanesulfonic Acid , 2003 .
[90] R. Li,et al. FORMATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES ON CARBON PAPER AND STAINLESS STEEL SCREEN BY OHMICALLY HEATING CATALYTIC SITES , 2002 .
[91] James Larminie,et al. Fuel Cell Systems Explained , 2000 .
[92] G. Hutchings,et al. Electrocatalysts for fuel cells , 1996, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.
[93] P. Shen,et al. Macroporous conducting matrix: Fabrication and application as electrocatalyst support , 2006 .
[94] A. Baiker,et al. CATALYSTS DERIVED FROM POLYMER-STABILISED COLLOIDAL PLATINUM: EFFECTS OF SUPPORT AND CALCINATION ON THE CATALYTIC BEHAVIOUR IN HYDROGENATION , 1995 .
[95] Pyun Su-Il,et al. Role of surface oxides in corrosion of carbon black in phosphoric acid solution at elevated temperature , 1994 .
[96] Z. Qi,et al. Superior Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Sulfonation of Carbon-Supported Catalysts Using Sulfate Salts , 2005 .
[97] Zhaolin Liu,et al. Synthesis and characterization of PtRu/C catalysts from microemulsions and emulsions , 2002 .
[98] Rainer Brinkmann,et al. Nanoscale colloidal metals and alloys stabilized by solvents and surfactants Preparation and use as catalyst precursors , 1996 .
[99] E. Passalacqua,et al. Physical and morphological characteristics and electrochemical behaviour in PEM fuel cells of PtRu /C catalysts , 2001 .
[100] D. Guay,et al. High energy ball-milled Pt and Pt–Ru catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells and their tolerance to CO , 1999 .
[101] Paola Costamagna,et al. Quantum jumps in the PEMFC science and technology from the 1960s to the year 2000 ☆: Part II. Engineering, technology development and application aspects , 2001 .
[102] B. Popov,et al. Durability study of Pt3Ni1 catalysts as cathode in PEM fuel cells , 2004 .
[103] E. Samulski,et al. In situ fabrication of dispersed, crystalline platinum nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanofibers , 2004 .
[104] Taeghwan Hyeon,et al. High-performance direct methanol fuel cell electrodes using solid-phase-synthesized carbon nanocoils. , 2003, Angewandte Chemie.
[105] T. D. Tran,et al. Graphite pre-treatment for deposition of platinum catalysts , 1993 .
[106] J. Yi,et al. Preparation of mesoporous carbon templated by silica particles for use as a catalyst support in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells , 2006 .
[107] F. Rodríguez-Reinoso,et al. Heat-treated carbon blacks as supports for platinum catalysts , 1995 .
[108] Agglomeration of Platinum Particles Supported on Carbon in Phosphoric Acid , 1988 .
[109] P. Walker,et al. Carbon as a support for catalysts: I. Effect of surface heterogeneity of carbon on dispersion of platinum , 1976 .
[110] M. Watanabe,et al. Preparation of highly dispersed Pt+Ru alloy clusters and the activity for the electrooxidation of methanol , 1987 .
[111] Hermann Kronberger,et al. Contaminant absorption and conductivity in polymer electrolyte membranes , 2005 .
[112] Pyun Su-Il,et al. Corrosion behaviour of platinum-catalyzed carbon in phosphoric acid solution , 1994 .
[113] Michael Hicks,et al. Ex Situ and In Situ Stability Studies of PEMFC Catalysts Effect of Carbon Type and Humidification on Degradation of the Carbon , 2005 .
[114] Jung-Ho Wee,et al. Applications of proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems , 2007 .
[115] J. Figueiredo,et al. Properties of Carbon-Supported Platinum Catalysts: Role of Carbon Surface Sites , 2002 .
[116] Qin Xin,et al. Homogeneous and controllable Pt particles deposited on multi-wall carbon nanotubes as cathode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells , 2004 .
[117] H. Daiguji,et al. Effect of glycerol on micro/nano structures of catalyst layers in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells , 2006 .
[118] Sung Hyun Kim,et al. Fabrication methods for low-Pt-loading electrocatalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems , 2007 .
[119] D. Seung,et al. Ordered mesoporous carbons (OMC) as supports of electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC): Effect of carbon precursors of OMC on DMFC performances , 2006 .
[120] Xuejie Huang,et al. Monodispersed hard carbon spherules as a catalyst support for the electrooxidation of methanol , 2005 .
[121] C. R. Davis,et al. Development of surface acidity during electrochemical treatment of pan-carbon fibers , 1992 .
[122] S. Mukerjee,et al. In Situ X‐Ray Absorption Studies of a Pt‐Ru Electrocatalyst , 1995 .
[123] Ermete Antolini,et al. Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuel cells: a review , 2003 .
[124] J. Beery,et al. Oxygen Reduction at Pt0.65Cr0.35, Pt0.2Cr0.8 and Roughened Platinum , 1988 .
[125] Guoying Chen,et al. DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPORTED BIFUNCTIONAL ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR UNITIZED REGENERATIVE FUEL CELLS , 2002 .
[126] A. Guerrero-Ruíz,et al. Study of some factors affecting the Ru and Pt dispersions over high surface area graphite-supported catalysts , 1998 .
[127] N. Toshima,et al. Polymer-Protected Bimetallic Nanocluster Catalysts Having Core/Shell Structure for Accelerated Electron Transfer in Visible-Light-Induced Hydrogen Generation , 1999 .
[128] L. J. Hillenbrand,et al. The Platinum‐on‐Carbon Catalyst System for Hydrogen Anodes II . Chemical Requirements of the Carbon Surface , 1965 .
[129] S. Karthikeyan,et al. Pt–WO3 supported on carbon nanotubes as possible anodes for direct methanol fuel cells , 2002 .
[130] Yushan Yan,et al. CNT-Based Electrodes with High Efficiency for PEMFCs , 2005 .
[131] M. Hori,et al. Experimental Evidence of Stability of Pt Clusters on and in Carbon Particles , 2005 .
[132] Won-Yong Lee,et al. Pore size effect of the DMFC catalyst supported on porous materials , 2003 .
[133] Z. Qi,et al. High performance carbon-supported catalysts for fuel cells via phosphonation. , 2003, Chemical communications.
[134] Jie Ding,et al. Platinum and platinum-ruthenium nanoparticles supported on ordered mesoporous carbon and their electrocatalytic performance for fuel cell reactions , 2005 .
[135] E. Auer,et al. Carbons as supports for industrial precious metal catalysts , 1998 .
[136] Zhongwei Chen,et al. Durability investigation of carbon nanotube as catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cell , 2006 .
[137] J. Yi,et al. Preparation and application of nanoporous carbon templated by silica particle for use as a catalyst support for direct methanol fuel cell , 2005 .
[138] M. Watanabe,et al. Electrocatalysis by ad-atoms: Part III. Enhancement of the oxidation of carbon monoxide on platinum by ruthenium ad-atoms , 1975 .
[139] H. Shioyama,et al. Graphite intercalation compounds as PEMFC electrocatalyst supports , 2005 .
[140] L. A. Avaca,et al. Boron-doped diamond powder as catalyst support for fuel cell applications , 2007 .
[141] C. Pittman,et al. Surface characterization of electrochemically oxidized carbon fibers , 1999 .
[142] Y. Xing. Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of Uniformly-Dispersed High Loading Pt Nanoparticles on Sonochemically-Treated Carbon Nanotubes , 2004 .
[143] F. Rodríguez-Reinoso,et al. Platinum catalysts supported on carbon blacks with different surface chemical properties , 1998 .
[144] Y. Park,et al. Studies on the anode catalysts of carbon nanotube for DMFC , 2004 .
[145] Young-Min Choi,et al. Investigation of metal/carbon-related materials for fuel cell applications by electronic structure calculations , 2006 .
[146] M. Kiuchi,et al. C2F6 plasma treatment of a carbon support for a PEM fuel cell electrocatalyst , 2006 .
[147] A. Manthiram,et al. Mesoporous Carbon with Larger Pore Diameter as an Electrocatalyst Support for Methanol Oxidation , 2004 .
[148] Hu-lin Li,et al. High dispersion and electrocatalytic properties of Pt nanoparticles on SWNT bundles , 2004 .
[149] The influence of platinum crystallite size on the electroreduction of oxygen , 1989 .
[150] H Vandam,et al. Preparation of platinum on activated carbon , 1991 .
[151] N. Alonso‐Vante,et al. Structure and electrocatalytic activity of carbon-supported Pt-Ni alloy nanoparticles toward the oxygen reduction reaction , 2004 .
[152] J.A.S. Bett,et al. Electrochemical oxidation of carbon black in concentrated phosphoric acid at 135°C , 1973 .
[153] D. Suh,et al. Effect of surface oxygen groups of carbon supports on the characteristics of Pd/C catalysts , 1993 .
[154] T. Hyeon,et al. Origin of the Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Carbon Nanocoil-Supported PtRu Alloy Electrocatalysts , 2004 .
[155] Ping Yu,et al. PtCo/C cathode catalyst for improved durability in PEMFCs , 2005 .
[156] Sundara Ramaprabhu,et al. Performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction catalyst support material , 2005 .
[157] B. Yi,et al. Pt/CNTs-Nafion reinforced and self-humidifying composite membrane for PEMFC applications , 2007 .
[158] Tsutomu Yoshitake,et al. Preparation of fine platinum catalyst supported on single-wall carbon nanohorns for fuel cell application , 2002 .
[159] X. Qiu,et al. A new supported catalyst for methanol oxidation prepared by a reverse micelles method , 2002 .
[160] Huamin Zhang,et al. Pt4ZrO2/C cathode catalyst for improved durability in high temperature PEMFC based on H3PO4 doped PBI , 2007 .
[161] Jung Ho Kim,et al. Spherical carbon capsules with hollow macroporous core and mesoporous shell structures as a highly efficient catalyst support in the direct methanol fuel cell. , 2004, Chemical communications.
[162] Jun Yao,et al. Controlled Modification of Carbon Supported Platinum Electrocatalysts by Mo , 2002 .
[163] Sanjeev Mukerjee,et al. Role of Structural and Electronic Properties of Pt and Pt Alloys on Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction An In Situ XANES and EXAFS Investigation , 1995 .
[164] S. Litster,et al. PEM fuel cell electrodes , 2004 .
[165] A. Ohta,et al. Influences of Both Carbon Supports and Heat‐Treatment of Supported Catalyst on Electrochemical Oxidation of Methanol , 1995 .
[166] Hubert A. Gasteiger,et al. Handbook of fuel cells : fundamentals technology and applications , 2003 .
[167] X. Qiu,et al. Methanol electro-oxidation on mesocarbon microbead supported Pt catalysts , 2002 .
[168] J. Lambert,et al. The molecular approach to supported catalysts synthesis: state of the art and future challenges , 2000 .
[169] C. Chen,et al. Growth and characteristics of carbon nanotubes on carbon cloth as electrodes , 2005 .
[170] Yuehe Lin,et al. Platinum/Carbon nanotube nanocomposite synthesized in supercritical fluid as electrocatalysts for low-temperature fuel cells. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.
[171] J. Escard. The state of supported irdium in a hydrazine decomposition catalyst , 1973 .
[172] K. Kaeriyama,et al. Preparation of noble metal sols in the presence of surfactants and their properties , 1986 .
[173] D. Cazorla-Amorós,et al. States of Pt in Pt/C catalyst precursors after impregnation, drying and reduction steps , 1998 .
[174] A. Manthiram,et al. Catalytic activity of Pt–Ru alloys synthesized by a microemulsion method in direct methanol fuel cells , 2005 .
[175] Mark W. Verbrugge,et al. A Mathematical Model of the Solid‐Polymer‐Electrolyte Fuel Cell , 1992 .
[176] Min-Suk Kim,et al. The preparation of Pt/C catalysts using various carbon materials for the cathode of PEMFC , 2006 .
[177] U. Stimming,et al. The influence of carbon support porosity on the activity of PtRu/Sibunit anode catalysts for methanol oxidation , 2005 .
[178] Vincenzo Antonucci,et al. The influence of Pt on the electrooxidation behaviour of carbon in phosphoric acid , 1992 .
[179] Hardcover,et al. Carbon: Electrochemical and Physicochemical Properties , 1988 .
[180] Lei Zhang,et al. Progress in preparation of non-noble electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cell reactions , 2006 .
[181] I. Hsing,et al. Surfactant stabilized Pt and Pt alloy electrocatalyst for polymer electrolyte fuel cells , 2002 .
[182] J. Fierro,et al. Effect of the carbon pre-treatment on the properties and performance for nitrobenzene hydrogenation of Pt/C catalysts , 1997 .
[183] N. Rodriguez,et al. A review of catalytically grown carbon nanofibers , 1993 .
[184] Charles M. Lukehart,et al. Pt−Ru/Carbon Fiber Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance as Anode Catalysts of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. A Search for Exceptional Performance , 2002 .
[185] X. Qiu,et al. Mesocarbon microbeads supported Pt-Ru catalysts for electrochemical oxidation of methanol , 2002 .
[186] H. Gasteiger,et al. PtRu Alloy Colloids as Precursors for Fuel Cell Catalysts A Combined XPS, AFM, HRTEM, and RDE Study , 1998 .
[187] Gregor Hoogers,et al. Fuel Cell Technology Handbook , 2002 .
[188] J. Fierro,et al. Preparation of carbon supported Pt and PtRu nanoparticles from microemulsion - Electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications , 2005 .
[189] H. Binder,et al. Über die anodische oxydation von aktivkohlen in wässrigen elektrolyten , 1964 .
[190] K. Kinoshita,et al. Determination of carbon surface oxides on platinum-catalyzed carbon , 1974 .
[191] Nigel P. Brandon,et al. Recent Advances in Materials for Fuel Cells , 2003 .
[192] P. Ross,et al. The Structure and Activity of Pt‐Co Alloys as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts , 1990 .
[193] Fu,et al. Photoemission from mass-selected monodispersed Pt clusters. , 1990, Physical review letters.
[194] Nigel M. Sammes,et al. Novel carbon aerogel-supported catalysts for PEM fuel cell application , 2005 .
[195] M. Rodrigo,et al. Effect of the catalytic ink preparation method on the performance of high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells , 2006 .
[196] S. Mukerjee. Particle size and structural effects in platinum electrocatalysis , 1990 .
[197] E. Halliop,et al. Acidic and basic sites on the surface of porous carbon , 1997 .
[198] G. Tamizhmani,et al. Improved Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Performance of Platinum Ternary Alloy‐Oxide in Solid‐Polymer‐Electrolyte Fuel Cells , 1994 .
[199] J. Shim,et al. Electrochemical characteristics of Pt–WO3/C and Pt–TiO2/C electrocatalysts in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell , 2001 .
[200] D. Wilkinson,et al. Aging mechanisms and lifetime of PEFC and DMFC , 2004 .
[201] Robert C. Haddon,et al. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells with carbon nanotube based electrodes , 2004 .
[202] J. Fierro,et al. Preparation of Platinum Supported on Pregraphitized Carbon Blacks , 1994 .
[203] D. Cazorla-Amorós,et al. Metal-support interaction in Pt/C catalysts. Influence of the support surface chemistry and the metal precursor , 1995 .
[204] F. Stoeckli,et al. On the characterization of acidic and basic surface sites on carbons by various techniques , 1999 .
[205] H. Boehm.,et al. Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons , 1994 .
[206] W. Vielstich,et al. Study of the electrocatalytic influence of Pt/Ru and Ru on the oxidation of residues of small organic molecules , 1994 .
[207] A. Fialkov. Carbon application in chemical power sources , 2000 .
[208] Liang Hong,et al. Carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles as catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells , 2005 .
[209] Qin Xin,et al. Carbon nanotubes as support for cathode catalyst of a direct methanol fuel cell , 2002 .
[210] Leong Ming Gan,et al. Physical and electrochemical characterizations of microwave-assisted polyol preparation of carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticles. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.
[211] Jiang-Jen Lin,et al. Clay as a dispersion agent in anode catalyst layer for PEMFC , 2006 .
[212] L. Pino,et al. Relationship between physicochemical properties and electrooxidation behaviour of carbon materials , 1991 .
[213] N. Weinberg,et al. Electrochemical oxidation of the surface of graphite fibres , 1973 .
[214] M. G. Mason. Electronic structure of supported small metal clusters , 1983 .
[215] A. Shukla,et al. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study on the effect of Ru and Sn additions to platinised carbons , 1999 .
[216] A. Manthiram,et al. Mesoporous Carbons with Controlled Porosity as an Electrocatalytic Support for Methanol Oxidation , 2005 .
[217] A. Polania-L,et al. Modification et interaction des fonctions oxygenees en surface des charbons actifs , 1993 .
[218] S. Cooper,et al. Carbons as supports for precious metal catalysts , 1990 .
[219] A. Shukla,et al. Electro‐oxidation of Methanol in Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte on Platinized‐Carbon Electrodes with Several Functional‐Group Characteristics , 1994 .
[220] G. Yin,et al. Effects of ozone treatment of carbon support on Pt–Ru/C catalysts performance for direct methanol fuel cell , 2006 .
[221] A. Ohta,et al. Improved Preparation Process of Very‐Low‐Platinum‐Loading Electrodes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells , 1998 .
[222] V. Radmilović,et al. Oxygen Reduction on Carbon-Supported Pt−Ni and Pt−Co Alloy Catalysts , 2002 .
[223] Sanjeev Mukerjee,et al. Enhanced electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum alloys in proton exchange membrane fuel cells , 1993 .
[224] Debra R. Rolison,et al. Enhancing the Activity of Fuel-cell Reactions by Designing Three-dimensional Nanostructured Architectures: Catalyst-modified Carbon−Silica Composite Aerogels , 2002 .
[225] E. Czrn,et al. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Trgeroberflche und Platinverbindungen bei der Katalysatorherstellung , 1978 .
[226] Tatsuhiro Okada,et al. The Effect of Impurity Cations on the Transport Characteristics of Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Membranes , 1999 .
[227] Yann Bultel,et al. Electrocatalysis, diffusion and ohmic drop in PEMFC: Particle size and spatial discrete distribution effects , 1998 .
[228] J.A.S. Bett,et al. Crystallite growth of platinum dispersed on graphitized carbon black: II. Effect of liquid environment , 1976 .
[229] Jie Ding,et al. Supported mixed metal nanoparticles as electrocatalysts in low temperature fuel cells , 2004 .