OGLE-2011-BLG-0265Lb: A JOVIAN MICROLENSING PLANET ORBITING AN M DWARF

We report the discovery of a Jupiter-mass planet orbiting an M-dwarf star that gave rise to the microlensing event OGLE-2011-BLG-0265. Such a system is very rare among known planetary systems and thus the discovery is important for theoretical studies of planetary formation and evolution. High-cadence temporal coverage of the planetary signal, combined with extended observations throughout the event, allows us to accurately model the observed light curve. However, the final microlensing solution remains degenerate, yielding two possible configurations of the planet and the host star. In the case of the preferred solution, the mass of the planet is M p = 0.9 ± 0.3 M J ?> , and the planet is orbiting a star with a mass M = 0.22 ± 0.06 M ⊙ ?> . The second possible configuration (2σ away) consists of a planet with M p = 0.6 ± 0.3 M J ?> and host star with M = 0.14 ± 0.06 M ⊙ ?> . The system is located in the Galactic disk 3–4 kpc toward the Galactic bulge. In both cases, with an orbit size of 1.5–2.0 AU, the planet is a “cold Jupiter”—located well beyond the “snow line” of the host star. Currently available data make the secure selection of the correct solution difficult, but there are prospects for lifting the degeneracy with additional follow-up observations in the future, when the lens and source star separate.

C. H. Ling | J. Beaulieu | E. Kerins | M. Penny | G. Scarpetta | D. Maoz | E. Bachelet | B. Gaudi | D. Bennett | R. Poleski | R. Street | D. Depoy | K. Ulaczyk | M. Burgdorf | J. Surdej | J. Wambsganss | R. Pogge | J. Menzies | I. Steele | P. Yock | L. Mancini | M. Lund | M. Lundkvist | K. Alsubai | D. Bramich | S. Dreizler | S. Kane | U. Jørgensen | K. Horne | M. Dominik | K. Harpsoe | C. Liebig | S. Novati | D. Ricci | J. Skottfelt | A. Fukui | A. Hornstrup | F. Abe | K. Sahu | S. Rahvar | A. Udalski | M. Szymański | M. Kubiak | C. Botzler | C. Snodgrass | L. Philpott | C. Henderson | S. Kaspi | T. Saito | O. Wertz | V. Bozza | P. Browne | P. Dodds | S. Hardis | T. Hinse | M. Hundertmark | N. Kains | M. Mathiasen | J. Southworth | I. Soszy'nski | M. Szyma'nski | P. Pietrukowicz | J. Skowron | S. Kozłowski | G. Pietrzy'nski | L. Wyrzykowski | Ł. Wyrzykowski | J. Caldwell | D. Sullivan | Y. Itow | Y. Matsubara | Y. Muraki | H. Park | D. Prester | A. Williams | F. Hessman | P. Tristram | Y. Tsapras | F. Jablonski | J. Marquette | M. Albrow | A. Gould | J. Yee | C. Han | K. Hwang | Y. Jung | C.-U. Lee | I. Shin | Y. Shvartzvald | K. Masuda | E. Corrales | L. Almeida | J. Greenhill | J. Donatowicz | P. Fouqu'e | T. Sumi | I. Bond | N. Rattenbury | A. Cassan | D. Dominis-Prester | C. Ling | K. Ohnishi | M. Freeman | D. Suzuki | G. Christie | J. Mccormick | T. Natusch | J. Choi | Khalid Al-Subai | X. Fang | C. Coutures | V. Batista | C. Ranc | F. Abe | A. Bhattacharya | N. Koshimoto | S. Calchi Novati | D. Wouters | D. Dominis Prester | R. Martin | K. Pollard | D. Kubas | S. Brillant | A. Cole | S. Dieters | H. Ngan | J. Tregloan-Reed | Y. Jung | J. Jessen-Hansen | D. Fukunaga | S. Namba | M. Friedman | C.-H. Gu | Hardis | M. Friedmann | A. Bhattacharya | Hyuk Park | C.‐U. Lee | J.-Y. Choi | G. Pietrzyński | I. Soszyński | S. Dreizler | J. Caldwell | David P. Bennett | Yasushi Muraki | K. Horne | Francisco Jablonski | J. Southworth | C. Han | I. A. Steele | L. A. Almeida | V. Bozza | L. Mancini | C. Snodgrass | A. Gould | T. Saito | K. Masuda | M. Dominik | A. Cole | Calen B. Henderson | R. Street | Davide Ricci | A. Williams

[1]  P. Kervella,et al.  The angular sizes of dwarf stars and subgiants -Non-linear surface brightness relations in BVRcIc from interferometry , 2017 .

[2]  C. H. Ling,et al.  A SUPER-JUPITER ORBITING A LATE-TYPE STAR: A REFINED ANALYSIS OF MICROLENSING EVENT OGLE-2012-BLG-0406 , 2013, 1310.2428.

[3]  C. H. Ling,et al.  MOA-2011-BLG-322Lb: a ‘second generation survey’ microlensing planet , 2013, 1310.0008.

[4]  Jan Skowron,et al.  SUPER-MASSIVE PLANETS AROUND LATE-TYPE STARS—THE CASE OF OGLE-2012-BLG-0406Lb , 2013, 1307.4084.

[5]  John Asher Johnson,et al.  THE TRENDS HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING SURVEY. IV. THE OCCURRENCE RATE OF GIANT PLANETS AROUND M DWARFS , 2013, 1307.5849.

[6]  J. Beaulieu,et al.  GRAVITATIONAL BINARY-LENS EVENTS WITH PROMINENT EFFECTS OF LENS ORBITAL MOTION , 2013, 1306.3744.

[7]  C. H. Ling,et al.  A giant planet beyond the snow line in microlensing event OGLE-2011-BLG-0251 , 2013, 1303.1184.

[8]  C. H. Ling,et al.  MOA-2010-BLG-073L: AN M-DWARF WITH A SUBSTELLAR COMPANION AT THE PLANET/BROWN DWARF BOUNDARY , 2012, 1211.3782.

[9]  Andrew Gould,et al.  REDDENING AND EXTINCTION TOWARD THE GALACTIC BULGE FROM OGLE-III: THE INNER MILKY WAY'S RV ∼ 2.5 EXTINCTION CURVE , 2012, 1208.1263.

[10]  K. Ulaczyk,et al.  One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations , 2012, Nature.

[11]  J. B. Marquette,et al.  A frozen super-Earth orbiting a star at the bottom of the main sequence , 2010, 1009.5665.

[12]  Yossi Shvartzvald,et al.  Second-generation microlensing planet surveys: a realistic simulation , 2011, 1107.5809.

[13]  K. Ulaczyk,et al.  Unbound or distant planetary mass population detected by gravitational microlensing , 2011, Nature.

[14]  J. B. Marquette,et al.  OGLE-2005-BLG-018: CHARACTERIZATION OF FULL PHYSICAL AND ORBITAL PARAMETERS OF A GRAVITATIONAL BINARY LENS , 2011, 1104.5094.

[15]  X. Delfosse,et al.  A short-period super-Earth orbiting the M2.5 dwarf GJ 3634 , 2011 .

[16]  I. Boisse,et al.  A short-period super-Earth orbiting the M2.5 dwarf GJ 3634 , 2011, 1102.1420.

[17]  B. Monard,et al.  MOA-2009-BLG-387Lb: a massive planet orbiting an M dwarf , 2011, 1102.0558.

[18]  K. Ulaczyk,et al.  BINARY MICROLENSING EVENT OGLE-2009-BLG-020 GIVES VERIFIABLE MASS, DISTANCE, AND ORBIT PREDICTIONS , 2011, 1101.3312.

[19]  Shude Mao,et al.  Detectability of orbital motion in stellar binary and planetary microlenses , 2010, 1010.5940.

[20]  A. Gould,et al.  THE SPLIT RED CLUMP OF THE GALACTIC BULGE FROM OGLE-III , 2010, 1007.5065.

[21]  Jean Surdej,et al.  Realisation of a fully-deterministic microlensing observing strategy for inferring planet populations , 2010 .

[22]  R. A. Street,et al.  FREQUENCY OF SOLAR-LIKE SYSTEMS AND OF ICE AND GAS GIANTS BEYOND THE SNOW LINE FROM HIGH-MAGNIFICATION MICROLENSING EVENTS IN 2005–2008 , 2010, 1001.0572.

[23]  B. Monard,et al.  A COLD NEPTUNE-MASS PLANET OGLE-2007-BLG-368Lb: Cold neptunes are common , 2009, 0912.1171.

[24]  K. Ulaczyk,et al.  MASSES AND ORBITAL CONSTRAINTS FOR THE OGLE-2006-BLG-109Lb,c JUPITER/SATURN ANALOG PLANETARY SYSTEM , 2009, 0911.2706.

[25]  Xavier Bonfils,et al.  A super-Earth transiting a nearby low-mass star , 2009, Nature.

[26]  J. Beaulieu,et al.  Difference imaging photometry of blended gravitational microlensing events with a numerical kernel , 2009, 0905.3003.

[27]  OGLE-2005-BLG-071Lb, THE MOST MASSIVE M DWARF PLANETARY COMPANION? , 2008, 0804.1354.

[28]  O. Pejcha,et al.  EXTENDED-SOURCE EFFECT AND CHROMATICITY IN TWO-POINT-MASS MICROLENSING , 2007, 0712.2217.

[29]  Pierre Kervella,et al.  The angular sizes of dwarf stars and subgiants (Research Note) Non-linear surface brightness relations in BVRcIc from interferometry , 2008, 0809.1732.

[30]  T. A. Lister,et al.  RoboNet-II: Follow-up observations of microlensing events with a robotic network of telescopes , 2008, 0808.0813.

[31]  C. H. Ling,et al.  A Low-Mass Planet with a Possible Sub-Stellar-Mass Host in Microlensing Event MOA-2007-BLG-192 , 2008, 0806.0025.

[32]  D. M. Bramich,et al.  A new algorithm for difference image analysis , 2008, 0802.1273.

[33]  A. Gould.  Hexadecapole Approximation in Planetary Microlensing , 2008, 0801.2578.

[34]  K. Ulaczyk,et al.  Discovery of a Jupiter/Saturn Analog with Gravitational Microlensing , 2008, Science.

[35]  J. Anderson,et al.  Microlens OGLE-2005-BLG-169 Implies That Cool Neptune-like Planets Are Common , 2006, astro-ph/0603276.

[36]  J. Beaulieu,et al.  Discovery of a cool planet of 5.5 Earth masses through gravitational microlensing , 2006, Nature.

[37]  Rapid Formation of Gas Giant Planets around M Dwarf Stars , 2006, astro-ph/0601486.

[38]  B. Gaudi,et al.  Planetary Detection Efficiency of the Magnification 3000 Microlensing Event OGLE-2004-BLG-343 , 2005, astro-ph/0507079.

[39]  J. Beaulieu,et al.  A Jovian-Mass Planet in Microlensing Event OGLE-2005-BLG-071 , 2005, astro-ph/0505451.

[40]  D. Lin,et al.  Toward a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation. III. Mass Distribution of Short-Period Planets around Stars of Various Masses , 2005, astro-ph/0502566.

[41]  G. Benedetto,et al.  Predicting accurate stellar angular diameters by the near-infrared surface brightness technique , 2005 .

[42]  Gregory Laughlin,et al.  The Core Accretion Model Predicts Few Jovian-Mass Planets Orbiting Red Dwarfs , 2004, astro-ph/0407309.

[43]  F. Thevenin,et al.  The angular sizes of dwarf stars and subgiants Surface brightness relations calibrated by interferometry , 2004, astro-ph/0404180.

[44]  Korea,et al.  OGLE-2003-BLG-262: Finite-Source Effects from a Point-Mass Lens , 2003, astro-ph/0309302.

[45]  A. Udalski.  The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. Real Time Data Analysis Systems in the OGLE-III Survey , 2003, astro-ph/0401123.

[46]  S. Kane,et al.  Microlensing limits on numbers and orbits of extrasolar planets from the 1998–2000 OGLE events , 2003, astro-ph/0304284.

[47]  T. Nakamura,et al.  Real-time difference imaging analysis of moa galactic bulge observations during 2000 , 2001, astro-ph/0102181.

[48]  J. Beaulieu,et al.  Detection of Rotation in a Binary Microlens: PLANET Photometry of MACHO 97-BLG-41 , 1999, astro-ph/9910307.

[49]  R. P. Butler,et al.  A Planetary Companion to a Nearby M4 Dwarf, Gliese 876 , 1998, astro-ph/9807307.

[50]  R. Lupton,et al.  A Method for Optimal Image Subtraction , 1997, astro-ph/9712287.

[51]  J. Wambsganss.  Discovering Galactic planets by gravitational microlensing: magnification patterns and light curves , 1996, astro-ph/9611134.

[52]  David P. Bennett,et al.  Detecting Earth-Mass Planets with Gravitational Microlensing , 1996, astro-ph/9603158.

[53]  P. Schechter,et al.  DOPHOT, A CCD PHOTOMETRY PROGRAM: DESCRIPTION AND TESTS , 1993 .

[54]  Andrew Gould,et al.  Extending the MACHO Search to approximately 10 6 M sub sun , 1992 .

[55]  Andrew Gould,et al.  Discovering Planetary Systems through Gravitational Microlenses , 1992 .

[56]  Bohdan Paczynski,et al.  Gravitational microlensing by double stars and planetary systems , 1991 .

[57]  M. Bessell,et al.  JHKLM PHOTOMETRY: STANDARD SYSTEMS, PASSBANDS, AND INTRINSIC COLORS , 1988 .

[58]  Bohdan Paczynski,et al.  Gravitational microlensing by the galactic halo , 1986 .