Potential of five willow species (Salix spp.) for phytoextraction of heavy metals.

Abstract The potential of short rotation coppice (SRC) for phytoremediation of contaminated sites and simultaneous generation of bio-energy by conversion of the produced biomass has been discussed in previous publications. The current study compares five species of Salix spp. in their ability to extract and accumulate heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in harvestable plant parts. The species used in this study were: Salix dasyclados ‘Loden’, Salix triandra ‘Noir de Villaines’, Salix fragilis ‘Belgisch Rood’, Salix purpurea  ×  Salix daphnoides ‘Bleu’, Salix schwerinii ‘Christina’. The comparison was conducted in a pot experiment in open air over the course of a growing season on three different soil types: a moderately contaminated dredged sediment derived surface soil (A1), a heavily polluted sediment derived surface soil (A2) and a sandy soil with moderately elevated concentrations due to atmospheric deposition by historic smelter activities (A3). In addition, the effects of soil treatment with 2.5 mmol kg −1 ethylene diamine disuccinate (EDDS) on metal accumulation in stems and leaves were evaluated for one Salix clone (Loden). Of the five clones tested, Christina, Loden and Belgisch Rood exhibited the highest Cd and Zn concentrations and therefore deserve further attention in field validation. A first estimation of the order of magnitude of Cd and Zn that could potentially be annually extracted with these clones, resulted in 5–27 kg ha −1 for Zn and 0.25–0.65 kg ha −1 for Cd, based on the soil type. However, biomass production in field situations will mainly determine metal removal. Treatment with EDDS exhibited distinct differences in inducing metal removal on the various soils. Uptake of Cd and Zn could not be enhanced in A1, whereas in A2 and A3 removal of these metals could be increased by 50–100% after treatment. In all soils EDDS treatment also had a distinct effect on Cu uptake.

[1]  M. Greger,et al.  Differences in uptake and tolerance to heavy metals in Salix from unpolluted and polluted areas , 1996 .

[2]  J. Eriksson,et al.  Potential of Salix as phytoextractor for Cd on moderately contaminated soils , 2003, Plant and Soil.

[3]  T. Punshon.  Heavy metal resistance in Salix. , 1996 .

[4]  C. Keller,et al.  Phytoextraction capacity of trees growing on a metal contaminated soil , 2003, Plant and Soil.

[5]  G. Brieger,et al.  Plant and animal species composition and heavy metal content in fly ash ecosystems , 1992 .

[6]  B. Kos,et al.  Chelator induced phytoextraction and in situ soil washing of Cu. , 2004, Environmental pollution.

[7]  Lawrence P. Abrahamson,et al.  Cutting cycle and spacing effects on biomass production by a willow clone in New York , 1997 .

[8]  I. Pulford,et al.  Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated land by trees--a review. , 2003, Environment international.

[9]  Pieter Vervaeke.  PHYTOREMEDIATION OF LAND DISPOSED CONTAMINATED DREDGED SEDIMENTS: FATE OF HEAVY METALS FYTOREMEDIATIE VAN LANDGEBORGEN VERONTREINIGDE BAGGERSPECIE: GEDRAG VAN ZWARE METALEN , 2004 .

[10]  N. Dickinson,et al.  Cadmium phytoextraction using short-rotation coppice Salix: the evidence trail. , 2005, Environment international.

[11]  N. Lust,et al.  Availability of heavy metals for uptake by Salix viminalis on a moderately contaminated dredged sediment disposal site. , 2005, Environmental pollution.

[12]  C. Harrington,et al.  Effects of irrigation, pulp mill sludge, and repeated coppicing on growth and yield of black cottonwood and red alder , 1984 .

[13]  N. Dickinson,et al.  Acclimation of Salix to metal stress. , 1997, The New phytologist.

[14]  Kurth Perttu,et al.  Environmental justification for short-rotation forestry in Sweden , 1998 .

[15]  D. Sparks,et al.  Methods of soil analysis. Part 3 - chemical methods. , 1996 .

[16]  T. Verwijst,et al.  Willow coppice systems in short rotation forestry: Effects of plant spacing, rotation length and clonal composition on biomass production , 1993 .

[17]  Brett H. Robinson,et al.  Natural and induced cadmium-accumulation in poplar and willow: Implications for phytoremediation , 2000, Plant and Soil.

[18]  F. Tack,et al.  Heavy metal contents in surface soils along the Upper Scheldt river (Belgium) affected by historical upland disposal of dredged materials. , 2002, The Science of the total environment.

[19]  K. Perttu,et al.  Effects of nutrient supply and soil cadmium concentration on cadmium removal by willow , 2002 .

[20]  T. Aoyagi,et al.  Production by actinomycetes of (S,S)-N,N'-ethylenediamine-disuccinic acid, an inhibitor of phospholipase C. , 1984, The Journal of antibiotics.

[21]  N. Lust,et al.  Phytoremediation prospects of willow stands on contaminated sediment: a field trial. , 2003, Environmental pollution.

[22]  A. Baker,et al.  Heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in British populations of the metallophyte Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl (Brassicaceae). , 1994, The New phytologist.

[23]  N. Dickinson,et al.  Resistance to copper toxicity in some British willows , 1995 .

[24]  E. Masarovičová,et al.  Response of Fast Growing Woody Plants from Family Salicaceae to Cadmium Treatment , 2003, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[25]  R. Erviö,et al.  A comparison of eight extractants for the determination of plant available micronutrients in soils , 1971 .

[26]  E. Meers,et al.  Comparison of EDTA and EDDS as potential soil amendments for enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals. , 2005, Chemosphere.

[27]  Esko Rossi,et al.  Vegetation Coverage At Sanitary Landfills in Finland , 1988 .

[28]  D. J. Nixon,et al.  The potential for short rotation energy forestry on restored landfill caps. , 2001, Bioresource technology.

[29]  I. Raskin,et al.  Phytoremediation of toxic metals : using plants to clean up the environment , 2000 .

[30]  C. Watson,et al.  Uptake of Chromium by Trees: Prospects for Phytoremediation , 2001 .

[31]  Daniel Hammer,et al.  Phytoextraction of Cd and Zn with Salix viminalis in field trials , 2003 .

[32]  E. Meers,et al.  Potential of Brassic rapa, Cannabis sativa, Helianthus annuus and Zea mays for phytoextraction of heavy metals from calcareous dredged sediment derived soils. , 2005, Chemosphere.

[33]  N. Lust,et al.  Dredged sediment as a substrate for biomass production of willow trees established using the SALIMAT technique , 2001 .

[34]  T C Feijtel,et al.  Biodegradation of [S,S], [R,R] and mixed stereoisomers of ethylene diamine disuccinic acid (EDDS), a transition metal chelator. , 1997, Chemosphere.

[35]  J. Galloo,et al.  Metal Speciation in Soil: Extraction of Exchangeable Cations from a Calcareous Soil with a Magnesium Nitrate Solution , 1998 .

[36]  E. Meers,et al.  Growth and trace metal accumulation of two Salix clones on sediment-derived soils with increasing contamination levels. , 2005, Chemosphere.

[37]  M. Collins,et al.  Amycolatopsis japonicum sp. nov., an Actinomycete Producing (S,S)-N,N'-Ethylenediaminedisuccinic Acid , 1997 .