High-throughput screening of dioxins in sediment and soil using selective pressurized liquid extraction with immunochemical detection.

A high-throughput screening method using selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for monitoring dioxins in sediment and soil is described. SPLE conditions were developed by extracting sediment or soil together with alumina, 10% AgNO3 in silica, and sulfuric acid impregnated silica (acid silica) using dichloromethane (DCM) as the solvent at 100 degrees C and 2000 psi. Post-extraction cleanups were not required for ELISA. Two reference sediments (National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 1944 and Wellington Laboratories WMS01) were analyzed by the SPLE-ELISA method. The ELISA utilized a polyclonal antibody and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as the calibrant. Recoveries of ELISA-derived TCDD equivalents (EQ) relative to the expected gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS) derived dioxin toxic equivalent (TEQ) values were 116+/-11% for SRM 1944 and 102+/-13% for WMS01. ELISA TCDD EQs were consistent with the dioxin TEQs as measured by GC/HRMS for 25 soil/sediment samples from seven different contaminated sites. The ELISA had an approximate method detection limit of 10 pg g(-1) with a precision of 2.6-29% based on the relative percentage difference (%RPD) for duplicate samples. Estimated sample throughput for the SPLE-ELISA was three times or more than that of the GC/HRMS method employing PLE with a multi-column cleanup.

[1]  Jeanette M. van Emon,et al.  Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques , 2006 .

[2]  C. Tohyama,et al.  Re Human and Mammalian Toxic Equivalency Factors for Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds: The Who 2005 Re-Evaluation , 2006 .

[3]  J. Tadeo.  Analysis of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Samples , 2008 .

[4]  Bruce D Hammock,et al.  Rapid screening of dioxin-contaminated soil by accelerated solvent extraction/purification followed by immunochemical detection , 2006, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[5]  Peter Haglund,et al.  Monitoring dioxins in food and feedstuffs using accelerated solvent extraction with a novel integrated carbon fractionation cell in combination with a CAFLUX bioassay , 2005, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[6]  J. M. van Emon.  Immunochemical applications in environmental science. , 2001 .

[7]  Mikaela Nichkova,et al.  An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of dioxins in contaminated sediment and soil samples. , 2008, Chemosphere.

[8]  C. Tohyama,et al.  The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. , 2006, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[9]  R. Brzezinski,et al.  Comparison of dioxin and furan TEQ determination in contaminated soil using chemical, micro-EROD, and immunoassay analysis. , 2002, Chemosphere.

[10]  K. Jones,et al.  Dioxins in the Environment: A Review of Trend Data , 1996 .

[11]  Safe,et al.  Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. , 1998, Environmental health perspectives.

[12]  M. Schrock,et al.  Simultaneous extraction of PCDD/PCDF and PCBs using accelerated solvent extraction for sediment, tissue and sludge matrices , 2003 .

[13]  P. Haglund,et al.  Shape-selective extraction of PCBs and dioxins from fish and fish oil using in-cell carbon fractionation pressurized liquid extraction. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[14]  C. von Holst,et al.  Comparison of fat retainers in accelerated solvent extraction for the selective extraction of PCBs from fat-containing samples. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[15]  Christopher A. Pohl,et al.  Accelerated Solvent Extraction: A Technique for Sample Preparation , 1996 .

[16]  B. Hammock,et al.  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for paraquat and its application to exposure analysis. , 1986, Analytical chemistry.

[17]  Tomoaki Tsutsumi,et al.  Biosensor immunoassay for the screening of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in retail fish. , 2008, Analytica chimica acta.

[18]  J. Chuang,et al.  Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for the measurement of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in human urine. , 2005, Talanta.

[19]  P. Haglund,et al.  New strategies for extraction and clean-up of persistent organic pollutants from food and feed samples using selective pressurized liquid extraction , 2006 .

[20]  Bruce D Hammock,et al.  Immunochemical determination of dioxins in sediment and serum samples. , 2004, Talanta.

[21]  B D Hammock,et al.  Development of a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on polyclonal antibodies for the detection of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[22]  Jeanette M. Van Emon,et al.  IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS for Environmental Analysis , 1989 .

[23]  Application of site-specific calibration data using the CALUX by XDS bioassay for dioxin-like chemicals in soil and sediment samples. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.