Mixed-effects models in psychophysiology.

The current methodological policy in Psychophysiology stipulates that repeated-measures designs be analyzed using either multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) or repeated-measures ANOVA with the Greenhouse-Geisser or Huynh-Feldt correction. Both techniques lead to appropriate type I error probabilities under general assumptions about the variance-covariance matrix of the data. This report introduces mixed-effects models as an alternative procedure for the analysis of repeated-measures data in Psychophysiology. Mixed-effects models have many advantages over the traditional methods: They handle missing data more effectively and are more efficient, parsimonious, and flexible. We described mixed-effects modeling and illustrated its applicability with a simple example.

[1]  J. Ware,et al.  Random-effects models for longitudinal data. , 1982, Biometrics.

[2]  Joseph E. Schwartz,et al.  Mood, Location and Physical Position as Predictors of Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Heart Rate: Application of a Multi-Level Random Effects Model , 1994, Annals of Behavioral Medicine.

[3]  G. Schwarz.  Estimating the Dimension of a Model , 1978 .

[4]  S. Geisser,et al.  On methods in the analysis of profile data , 1959 .

[5]  R. Mclean,et al.  A Unified Approach to Mixed Linear Models , 1991 .

[6]  D. F. Morrison,et al.  Multivariate Statistical Methods , 1968 .

[7]  H. Akaike.  A new look at the statistical model identification , 1974 .

[8]  A. Stone,et al.  Strategies for analyzing ecological momentary assessment data. , 1998, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[9]  J. Richard Jennings,et al.  Editorial Policy on Analyses of Variance With Repeated Measures , 1987 .

[10]  H. Huynh,et al.  Estimation of the Box Correction for Degrees of Freedom from Sample Data in Randomized Block and Split-Plot Designs , 1976 .

[11]  R. Wolfinger.  Covariance structure selection in general mixed models , 1993 .

[12]  H. Huynh,et al.  Conditions under Which Mean Square Ratios in Repeated Measurements Designs Have Exact F-Distributions , 1970 .

[13]  J. Thayer,et al.  The continuing problem of false positives in repeated measures ANOVA in psychophysiology: a multivariate solution. , 1987, Psychophysiology.

[14]  Arthur P. Dempster,et al.  Statistical and Computational Aspects of Mixed Model Analysis , 1984 .

[15]  J. Jaccard,et al.  Statistical analysis of temporal data with many observations: Issues for behavioral medicine data. , 1993 .