Investigation of the Long-Term Tunnel Settlement Mechanisms of the First Metro Line in Shanghai

The long-term performance of a metro tunnel is obviously a major concern for the authority and designers responsible for its construction, as excessive tunnel settlement would affect the serviceability and safety of the entire metro system. In this study, measured long-term settlement of the 16.4 km long tunnel of Shanghai Metro Line 1 from 1994 to 2007 (a period of 12.5 years) is reported and discussed. The tunnel settlement was continuous with time, and reached a maximum of 288 mm. To assist in the investigation of the mechanisms of long-term tunnel settlement, records of groundwater pumping and subsurface soil compression between 1985 and 2007 are analyzed. Four possible causes — namely, effects of tunnel construction, cyclic loading due to running trains, secondary compression of soft clay, and groundwater pumping in sandy aquifers — are investigated. From the measurements of subsurface soil compression, it is revealed that the observed large tunnel settlement was mainly caused by the compression of s...

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