A Rule Based Machine Translation Scheme from Greek to Greek Sign Language: Production of Different Types of Large Corporations

One of the aims of Assistive Technologies is to help people with disabilities to communicate with others and to provide means of access to information. As an aid to Deaf people, in this work we present a novel prototype Rule Based Machine Translation (RBMT) system for the creation of large quality written Greek Sign Language (GSL) glossed corpora. In particular, the proposed RBMT system supports the professional translator of GSL to produce different kinds of GSL glossed corpus. Evaluation of the proposed scheme is carried out for the weather reports domain, were 20,284 tokens and 1,000 sentences have been produced. By using the BiLingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) metric score [32], our prototyped RBMT system achieves a relative score of 84% for 4-gram evaluation and 90% for 1-gram

[1]  R. Elliott,et al.  An Overview of the SiGML Notation and SiGMLSigning Software System , 2004 .

[2]  José Colás Pasamontes,et al.  A rule-based translation from written Spanish to Spanish Sign Language glosses , 2014, Comput. Speech Lang..

[3]  Amy Weinberg,et al.  Sign language transcription at the level of meaning components: The Berkeley Transcription System (BTS) , 2002 .

[4]  Stavroula-Evita Fotinea,et al.  GSLC: Creation and Annotation of a Greek Sign Language Corpus for HCI , 2007, HCI.

[5]  Ian Marshall,et al.  Sign Language Translation via DRT and HPSG , 2002, CICLing.

[6]  Norman I. Badler,et al.  A machine translation system from English to American Sign Language , 2000, AMTA.

[7]  Stavroula-Evita Fotinea,et al.  From grammar-based MT to post-processed SL representations , 2016, Universal Access in the Information Society.

[8]  Philipp Koehn,et al.  Moses: Open Source Toolkit for Statistical Machine Translation , 2007, ACL.

[9]  Pierre Isabelle,et al.  Machine Translation: Overview , 2006 .

[10]  Petros Maragos,et al.  Sign Language technologies and resources of the Dicta-Sign project , 2012 .

[11]  Arturo Trujillo Transfer Machine Translation , 1999 .

[12]  Matt Huenerfauth,et al.  American Sign Language natural language generation and machine translation , 2005, ASAC.

[13]  Thomas Hanke,et al.  iLex - A tool for Sign Language Lexicography and Corpus Analysis , 2002, LREC.

[14]  Francis M. Tyers,et al.  Apertium: a free/open-source platform for rule-based machine translation , 2011, Machine Translation.

[15]  Martin Kay Functional Unification Grammar: a formalism for machine translation , 1984 .

[16]  E. Klima The signs of language , 1979 .

[17]  Dan I. Slobin,et al.  Transcription as a tool for understanding: The Berkeley Transcription System for sign language research (BTS) , 2002 .

[18]  Tony Veale,et al.  Cross modal comprehension in ZARDOZ an English to sign-language translation system , 1994 .

[19]  Stavroula-Evita Fotinea,et al.  A prototype Greek text to Greek Sign Language conversion system , 2010, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[20]  Ludek Müller,et al.  Automatic Czech - Sign Speech Translation , 2007, TSD.

[21]  Stuart M. Shieber,et al.  An Introduction to Unification-Based Approaches to Grammar , 1986, CSLI Lecture Notes.

[22]  Ευίτα-Σταυρούλα Φωτεινέα,et al.  Generating linguistic content for Greek to GSL conversion , 2005 .

[23]  Harold L. Somers,et al.  An introduction to machine translation , 1992 .

[24]  Mitchell P. Marcus,et al.  Generating american sign language classifier predicates for english-to-asl machine translation , 2006 .

[25]  W. Stokoe Sign Language Structure , 1980 .

[26]  Catherine N. Ball,et al.  Representation of american sign language for machine translation , 2002 .

[27]  Hermann Ney,et al.  Sign language machine translation overkill , 2010, IWSLT.

[28]  Salim Roukos,et al.  Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation , 2002, ACL.

[29]  C Neidle,et al.  SignStream: A tool for linguistic and computer vision research on visual-gestural language data , 2001, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[30]  Sara Morrissey,et al.  Data-Driven Machine Translation for Sign Languages , 2008 .

[31]  Bob Carpenter,et al.  The logic of typed feature structures , 1992 .