Fewer Preterm Births in the First COVID-19 Pandemic Year? An Evaluation of the Berlin Perinatal Data for the Years 2017 to 2020

Abstract Introduction The study analyzes and interprets possible effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the preterm birth rate. Research questions included: were there fewer preterm births in Berlin in 2020, the first year of the pandemic, compared to the three years before the pandemic? Were there differences in preterm birth rates grouped according to weeks of gestation? Method The perinatal data of all singleton pregnancies were evaluated with regard to birth rates in Berlin, and the numbers of preterm neonates born in the three pre-pandemic years from 2017 to 2019 were compared to the rate for 2020, the first year of the pandemic. Results The overall number of singleton pregnancies born in maternity hospitals and labor wards in Berlin decreased in the first year of the pandemic. The percentage of preterm neonates born before 37 + 0 weeks of gestation (GW) was significantly lower in 2020 compared to the three previous years, with significantly more preterm neonates born before 28 + 0 GW and significantly fewer preterm neonates born between 28 + 0 to 35 + 0 GW. In 2020, significantly fewer neonates born before 37 + 0 weeks of gestation were delivered by primary caesarean section. The incidence of induced births was approximately the same. Conclusions In the first year of the pandemic, a range of social, iatrogenic, and biological factors may have had an impact on preterm birth rates. A Germany-wide evaluation of perinatal data across different German federal states for the period 2020 to 2022 would offer the opportunity to identify the causes of this lower rate of preterm births and determine whether conclusions can be drawn from this which would affect future strategies to reduce preterm birth rates. Zusammenfassung Einleitung Mögliche Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf die Frühgeburtenrate sollen analysiert und interpretiert werden. Forschungsfragen sind: Hat es im 1. Pandemiejahr 2020 weniger Frühgeburten in Berlin gegeben als in den 3 unmittelbar vorpandemischen Jahren? Gibt es Unterschiede in der nach Schwangerschaftswochen gruppierten Frühgeburtlichkeit? Methodik Perinataldatenauswertung aller Einlinge im Hinblick auf die Geburtenraten in Berlin und den Anteil der Frühgeborenen in den 3 präpandemischen Jahren 2017 bis 2019 im Vergleich mit den Raten des 1. Pandemiejahres 2020. Ergebnisse Die Gesamtzahl der Einlingsgeburten ist im 1. Pandemiejahr in den Berliner Geburtskliniken und -abteilungen zurückgegangen. Der Anteil von Frühgeburten unter 37 + 0 Schwangerschaftswochen (SSW) war 2020 signifikant niedriger als in den 3 Jahren davor, mit signifikant mehr Frühgeburten unter 28 + 0 SSW und signifikant weniger Frühgeburten in der Gruppe 28 + 0 bis 35 + 0 SSW. 2020 wurden signifikant weniger Kinder unter 37 + 0 Schwangerschaftswochen durch eine primäre Sectio geboren. Die Häufigkeit von Geburtseinleitungen blieb in etwa gleich. Schlussfolgerungen Im 1. Pandemiejahr haben sich möglicherweise verschiedene soziale, iatrogene und biologische Faktoren modellierend auf die Frühgeburtlichkeit ausgewirkt. Eine länderübergreifende, bundesweite Auswertung der Perinataldaten 2020 bis 2022 böte eine Chance, die Ursachen für diese verringerten Frühgeburtenraten zu ermitteln und festzustellen, ob sich daraus Schlussfolgerungen für zukünftige Strategien zur Frühgeburtsverringerung ergeben.

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