Application of ¹H NMR for the characterisation and authentication of ''Tonda Gentile Trilobata" hazelnuts from Piedmont (Italy).

The Italian hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivar "Tonda Gentile Trilobata" (TGT) is covered by protected geographical indication "Nocciola Piemonte" and is well-known as the best-suited hazelnut for the industrial transformation into roasted kernel. The hazelnut cultivar identification is primarily based on morphological characteristics, so there is the need for more objective analytical methods for high quality hazelnut authentication. This study reports the (1)H NMR fingerprinting of raw and roasted hazelnut, with the aim of obtaining hazelnut classification based on their spectroscopic pattern. (1)H NMR analyses were carried out on polar extracts of TGT and other cultivars: the data were analysed with multivariate statistical methods. Results showed that (1)H NMR combined with chemometrics is useful to characterise the hazelnuts as a function of the cultivars, both on raw and roasted form. The classification models allowed identifying molecular markers useful to distinguish TGT from other types, among these trigonelline, amino acids and an unidentified orto-disubstituted aromatic compound.

[1]  N. Bassil,et al.  Characterization of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivars using SSR markers , 2009, Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution.

[2]  P. Petrakis,et al.  Detection of refined olive oil adulteration with refined hazelnut oil by employing NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis. , 2010, Talanta.

[3]  J. Reyes-De-Corcuera,et al.  Untargeted metabolite analysis of healthy and Huanglongbing‐infected orange leaves by CE‐DAD , 2009, Electrophoresis.

[4]  M. Yıldız,et al.  Effect of roasting on some nutrients of hazelnuts (Corylus Avellena L.) , 2001 .

[5]  A. Caligiani,et al.  Identification and quantification of the main organic components of vinegars by high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy. , 2007, Analytica chimica acta.

[6]  Young-S. Kim,et al.  Metabolomic discrimination of different grades of pine-mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) using 1H NMR spectrometry and multivariate data analysis. , 2007, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[7]  T. Ohshima,et al.  Turkish Tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). 1. Compositional characteristics. , 2003, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[8]  Bum-Jin Lee,et al.  Geographical and climatic dependencies of green tea (Camellia sinensis) metabolites: a (1)H NMR-based metabolomics study. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[9]  T. Ohshima,et al.  Turkish Tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). 2. Lipid characteristics and oxidative stability. , 2003, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[10]  Ray Freeman,et al.  Broadband heteronuclear decoupling , 1982 .

[11]  Ralph E Hurd,et al.  Gradient enhanced spectroscopy. , 1990, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[12]  C. Guillou,et al.  1H NMR-based protocol for the detection of adulterations of refined olive oil with refined hazelnut oil. , 2009, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[13]  Pradeep Kurup,et al.  Decision tree approach for classification and dimensionality reduction of electronic nose data , 2011 .

[14]  Chiara Cordero,et al.  Profiling food volatiles by comprehensive two-dimensional ga schromatography coupled with mass spectrometry: advanced fingerprinting approaches for comparative analysis of the volatile fraction of roasted hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) from different origins. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[15]  Eiichiro Fukusaki,et al.  1H NMR based metabolic profiling in the evaluation of Japanese green tea quality. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[16]  B. Debska,et al.  Decision trees in selection of featured determined food quality. , 2011, Analytica chimica acta.

[17]  Leo Breiman,et al.  Classification and Regression Trees , 1984 .

[18]  R. Consonni,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance and chemometrics to assess geographical origin and quality of traditional food products. , 2010, Advances in food and nutrition research.

[19]  P. Boccacci,et al.  Germplasm and genetic improvement - DNA-Typing of Hazelnut: A universal methodology for describing cultivars and evaluating genetic relatedness , 2005 .

[20]  H. Ashihara,et al.  Pyridine nucleotide cycle and trigonelline (N-methylnicotinic acid) synthesis in developing leaves and fruits of Coffea arabica , 2004 .

[21]  Carolin Strobl,et al.  Unbiased split selection for classification trees based on the Gini Index , 2007, Comput. Stat. Data Anal..

[22]  Menghui H. Zhang,et al.  Application of boosting to classification problems in chemometrics , 2005 .

[23]  Maurizio Aceto,et al.  Authentication and traceability study of hazelnuts from piedmont, Italy. , 2009, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[24]  H. Belshaw,et al.  The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , 1947, International Organization.

[25]  Paul Brereton,et al.  Application of (1)h NMR and multivariate statistics for screening complex mixtures: quality control and authenticity of instant coffee. , 2002, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[26]  Wolfgang Bermel,et al.  Gradient selection in inverse heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy , 1993 .

[27]  D. Wishart.  Metabolomics: applications to food science and nutrition research , 2008 .

[28]  C. García-Ruiz,et al.  Determination of trigonelline in seeds and vegetable oils by capillary electrophoresis as a novel marker for the detection of adulterations in olive oils. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[29]  J. Lindon,et al.  Scaling and normalization effects in NMR spectroscopic metabonomic data sets. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[30]  M. Spraul,et al.  Mixture analysis by NMR as applied to fruit juice quality control , 2009, Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC.

[31]  E. Etxeberria,et al.  Metabolomic analysis in food science: a review , 2009 .

[32]  M. Spraul,et al.  NMR and chemometric methods: a powerful combination for characterization of Balsamic and Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Modena. , 2008, Analytica chimica acta.

[33]  K. Héberger,et al.  Supervised pattern recognition in food analysis. , 2007, Journal of chromatography. A.

[34]  C. Alasalvar,et al.  Effects of roasting on the antioxidant status and phenolic profiles of commercial Turkish hazelnut varieties (Corylus avellana L.). , 2012, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[35]  Marco Arlorio,et al.  Chemotype and genotype chemometrical evaluation applied to authentication and traceability of “Tonda Gentile Trilobata” hazelnuts from Piedmont (Italy) , 2011 .

[36]  D. Perrone,et al.  Fast simultaneous analysis of caffeine, trigonelline, nicotinic acid and sucrose in coffee by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2008, Food chemistry.