Developing a tool for intellectual capital assessment: an individual‐level perspective

This paper aims to develop a model for assessing and valuing the intellectual capital of an organization by gathering data from individual employees. Also, the paper empirically investigates the relationship between intellectual capital and a specific dimension of employees’ performance. Two surveys were conducted on employees of a leading company in the Italian food product market. The sample analysed comprises 1117 observations. A structural equation modelling (SEM) methodology was used to define the measurement model and to determine the relations between intellectual capital and employees’ performance. The model for intellectual capital assessment developed in this paper may integrate already existing intellectual capital frameworks. The three dimensions of intellectual capital identified mutually affect and have a positive effect on employees’ performance. Our findings contribute to the discussion in the promising research stream of intellectual capital management. As limitations, this study focuses on a single company, and it exclusively adopts individual-level perceptual indicators. These elements make it difficult for any inter-company comparison.

[1]  C. Higgins,et al.  A Self-Efficacy Theory Explanation for the Management of Remote Workers in Virtual Organizations , 1999 .

[2]  Daniel Andriessen,et al.  IC valuation and measurement: classifying the state of the art , 2004 .

[3]  Mohan Subramaniam,et al.  The Influence of Intellectual Capital on the Types of Innovative Capabilities , 2005 .

[4]  L.H.H. Bollen,et al.  Linking intellectual capital and intellectual property to company performance , 2005 .

[5]  John Hulland,et al.  Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: a review of four recent studies , 1999 .

[6]  J. Barney,et al.  Trustworthiness as a Source of Competitive Advantage , 1994 .

[7]  Jean Shaoul,et al.  Partnerships: for Better, for Worse? , 2003 .

[8]  Bernhard R. Katzy,et al.  A toolset for building the virtual enterprise , 2001, J. Intell. Manuf..

[9]  Jan Mouritsen,et al.  Disclosure of information on intellectual capital in Danish IPO prospectuses , 2005 .

[10]  Robin Fincham,et al.  Intellectual capital accounting in the UK: A field study perspective , 2004 .

[11]  S. Ghoshal,et al.  Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage , 1998 .

[12]  Christopher P. Parker,et al.  Relationships between psychological climate perceptions and work outcomes: a meta-analytic review , 2003 .

[13]  S. Snell,et al.  Intellectual Capital Architectures and Ambidextrous Learning: A Framework for Human Resource Management , 2009 .

[14]  S. Morris,et al.  Relational Archetypes, Organizational Learning, and Value Creation: Extending the Human Resource Architecture , 2007 .

[15]  P. N. Bukh The relevance of intellectual capital disclosure: A paradox? , 2003 .

[16]  C. Molinero,et al.  The measurement of intangible assets in public sector using scaling techniques , 2003 .

[17]  UIf Johanson Why are capital market actors ambivalent to information about certain indicators on intellectual capital , 2003 .

[18]  Moses Acquaah Managerial social capital, strategic orientation, and organizational performance in an emerging economy , 2007 .

[19]  Goran Roos,et al.  Mathematics and modern business management , 2004 .

[20]  Mark A. Huselid The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Turnover, Productivity, and Corporate Financial Performance , 1995 .

[21]  Henry C. W. Lau,et al.  Partner selection and information infrastructure of a virtual enterprise network , 2001, Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf..

[22]  Fanny Caranikas-Walker,et al.  A meta-analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover. , 1992 .

[23]  Mike W. Peng,et al.  Managerial Ties and Firm Performance in a Transition Economy: The Nature of a Micro-Macro Link , 2000 .

[24]  Robin Fincham,et al.  Thinking critically about intellectual capital accounting , 2001 .

[25]  Dave Ulrich,et al.  Capitalizing on capabilities. , 2004, Harvard business review.

[26]  Gerald Zeitz,et al.  An Employee Survey Measuring Total Quality Management Practices and Culture , 1997 .

[27]  Wen-Ying Wang,et al.  Intellectual capital and performance in causal models: Evidence from the information technology industry in Taiwan , 2005 .

[28]  Carla Curado,et al.  Perceptions of knowledge management and intellectual capital in the banking industry , 2008, J. Knowl. Manag..

[29]  J. Pennings,et al.  Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: a study on technology‐based ventures , 2001 .

[30]  N. Lin Social Capital: Frontmatter , 2001 .

[31]  E. Lettieri,et al.  Intellectual capital and knowledge sharing: the mediating role of organisational knowledge-sharing climate , 2011 .

[32]  Andrew Mayo,et al.  The role of employee development in the growth of intellectual capital , 2000 .

[33]  David F. Larcker,et al.  Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics: , 1981 .

[34]  J. George Extrinsic and Intrinsic Origins of Perceived Social Loafing in Organizations , 1992 .

[35]  Robert D. Pritchard,et al.  The effects of organizational climate on managerial job performance and job satisfaction , 1973 .

[36]  Suresh Cuganesan,et al.  Enrolling discourse consumers to affect material intellectual capital practice , 2007 .

[37]  Roland E. Kidwell,et al.  Withholding Effort in Organizations: Toward Development and Validation of a Measure , 2003 .

[38]  Mike Tayles,et al.  The measurement of manufacturing virtuality , 2004 .

[39]  International Ethics Initiatives , 1998 .

[40]  James Guthrie,et al.  Sunrise in the knowledge economy: Managing, measuring and reporting intellectual capital , 2001 .

[41]  Matteo Mura,et al.  The effect of intellectual capital on employees' satisfaction and retention , 2011, Inf. Manag..

[42]  Marcello M. Mariani,et al.  The effect of intellectual capital attributes on organizational performance. The case of the Bologna Opera House , 2009 .

[43]  W. Baker Market Networks and Corporate Behavior , 1990, American Journal of Sociology.

[44]  Donald H. Liles,et al.  Engineering the Virtual Enterprise: An Architecture-Driven Modeling Approach , 2001 .

[45]  K. Weick,et al.  Collective mind in organizations: Heedful interrelating on flight decks. , 1993 .

[46]  Scott A. Snell,et al.  Human Resource Configurations, Intellectual Capital, and Organizational Performance. , 2004 .

[47]  Robert Albanese,et al.  Rational Behavior in Groups: The Free-Riding Tendency , 1985 .

[48]  Saudah Sofian,et al.  Intellectual capital, management accounting practices and corporate performance : perceptions of managers , 2007 .

[49]  Chang-Hyun Jin Social Capital Index , 2015 .

[50]  Indra Abeysekera Intellectual Capital Practices of Firms and the Commodification of Labour , 2008 .

[51]  M. Webster,et al.  Accounting “gets real” in dealing with virtual manufacturing , 2005 .

[52]  J. Brown,et al.  Organizational Learning and Communities-of-Practice: Toward a Unified View of Working, Learning, and Innovation , 1991 .

[53]  J. H. Dyer,et al.  Creating and managing a high‐performance knowledge‐sharing network: the Toyota case , 2000 .

[54]  Thomas A. Kochan,et al.  What works at work : overview and assessment , 1996 .

[55]  Natalia Martín Cruz,et al.  The influence of employee motivation on knowledge transfer , 2009, J. Knowl. Manag..

[56]  K. H. Park,et al.  Virtual enterprise – organisation, evolution and control , 2001 .

[57]  P. Adler,et al.  Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept , 2002 .

[58]  P. Warr,et al.  Organizational climate and company productivity: The role of employee affect and employee level , 2004 .

[59]  Mary Crossan,et al.  Organizational learning research profile , 1996 .

[60]  R. Grant,et al.  Environments: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration , 2022 .

[61]  Angappa Gunasekaran,et al.  A strategic model for agile virtual enterprise partner selection , 2007 .

[62]  J. Spender Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm , 1996 .

[63]  P. Hom,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover: Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications for the Next Millennium , 2000 .

[64]  Stephen J. Zaccaro,et al.  The Effects of Group Cohesion and Leader Behavior on Subordinate Satisfaction , 1986 .

[65]  Stephen Pike,et al.  Accounting, empirical measurement and intellectual capital , 2001 .

[66]  Yun Ji Moon,et al.  A Model for the Value of Intellectual Capital , 2009 .

[67]  R. Roslender,et al.  Employee wellness as intellectual capital: an accounting perspective , 2006 .

[68]  David A. Hofmann,et al.  Job Perception–Job Satisfaction Relations: An Empirical Comparison of Three Competing Theories , 1993 .

[69]  Jeltje van der Meer-Kooistra,et al.  Reporting on intellectual capital , 2001 .

[70]  Choonwoo Lee,et al.  Internal capabilities, external linkages, and performance. A study on technology-based ventures , 2001 .

[71]  Brendan Boyle,et al.  Knowledge creation measurement methods , 2010, J. Knowl. Manag..

[72]  Suresh Cuganesan,et al.  Reflecting on the production of intellectual capital visualisations , 2009 .

[73]  K. Clark,et al.  The power of product integrity. , 1990, Harvard business review.

[74]  Petra Bosch-Sijtsema,et al.  Knowledge work productivity in distributed teams , 2009, J. Knowl. Manag..

[75]  Cristina Masella,et al.  Information systems and change management in healthcare: the (un)solved quest for changing physicians' behaviour , 2010, Int. J. Inf. Syst. Chang. Manag..

[76]  C. Fornell,et al.  The cooperative venture formation process: a latent variable structural modeling approach , 1990 .

[77]  N. Bontis,et al.  Intellectual capital and business performance in Malaysian industries , 2000 .

[78]  Stakeholder management and human resources: development and implementation of a performance measurement system , 2008 .

[79]  Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos,et al.  Knowledge management and organizational competitiveness: a framework for human capital analysis , 2003, J. Knowl. Manag..

[80]  N. Bontis Intellectual capital: an exploratory study that develops measures and models , 1998 .

[81]  N. Bontis,et al.  Intellectual capital ROI: a causal map of human capital antecedents and consequents , 2002 .

[82]  David Holman,et al.  Understanding learning strategies in the workplace: A factor analytic investigation , 2001 .

[83]  Manuel García-Ayuso Factors explaining the inefficient valuation of intangibles , 2003 .

[84]  K. Jöreskog,et al.  Intraclass Reliability Estimates: Testing Structural Assumptions , 1974 .

[85]  Carrie R. Leana,et al.  Organizational Social Capital and Employment Practices , 1999 .

[86]  Yadong Luo,et al.  Guanxi and organizational dynamics: organizational networking in Chinese firms , 2001 .

[87]  P. Meehl Why Summaries of Research on Psychological Theories are Often Uninterpretable , 1990 .

[88]  T. Kochan,et al.  COMPUTER-AIDED MONITORING: ITS INFLUENCE ON EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION AND TURNOVER , 1989 .

[89]  R. Burt The contingent value of social capital. , 1997 .

[90]  Steven P. Brown,et al.  A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job involvement, effort, and performance. , 1996, The Journal of applied psychology.