Chagas disease ( American trypanosomiasis ) threatens the Americas

Trypanosomiases are human and animal diseases caused by protozoans of the class Zoomastigophora. The causative agents share common characteristics like flagella movements and transmission by arthropods; for instance, African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is transmitted by the bite of tse-tse fly (Glossina palpalis and Gloossina morsintans). However, there are other mechanisms of transmission, such as congenital, in which Trypanosoma equiperdum causes dourine in horses. Trypanosoma cruzi can be found in four morphological stages. The infection by this parasite is known as Chagas disease, which affects heart, esophagus, colon, and other organs. Prevention of Chagas disease is focused on the destruction of vectors and the improvement of dwellings. The aim of this report is to describe the trypanosomiasis that affects humans in America.

[1]  J. Tay,et al.  Estudio epidemiológico de la enfermedad de Chagas en el estado de Jalisco, República Mexicana. , 2014 .

[2]  G. Ortega,et al.  Enfermedad de Chagas en Chiapas , 2014 .

[3]  E. Caviedes-Vidal,et al.  American tripanosomiasis: a study on the prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma cruzi-like organisms in wild rodents in San Luis province, Argentina. , 2010, Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical.

[4]  C. A. Condat,et al.  Why does GM1 induce a potent beneficial response to experimental Chagas disease? , 2009, HFSP journal.

[5]  R. Dantas,et al.  Comparison of esophageal motility impairment caused by Chagas' disease in two age groups. , 2006, Arquivos de gastroenterologia.

[6]  R. Gürtler,et al.  Modeling Household Transmission of American Trypanosomiasis , 2001, Science.

[7]  B. Nogueda-Torres,et al.  Role of two Triatoma (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) species in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) to man in the west coast of Mexico. , 2001, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.

[8]  S. Kozaki,et al.  Effects of dietary polyamine deficiency on Trypanosoma gambiense infection in rats. , 2001, Experimental parasitology.

[9]  L. Diotaiuti,et al.  Comparative developmental and susceptibility to insecticide of Bolivian and Brazilian populations of Triatoma infestans. , 2000, Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.

[10]  C. Martínez-Campos,et al.  [Natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection of Triatominae bugs associated with human habitations in Mexico ]. , 2000, Salud publica de Mexico.

[11]  W. Zidek,et al.  Polysomnography in acute African trypanosomiasis , 2000, Journal of Neurology.

[12]  J. Andersen,et al.  Nitrophorins and related antihemostatic lipocalins from Rhodnius prolixus and other blood-sucking arthropods. , 2000, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[13]  J. Engel,et al.  Trypanosoma cruzi: of man, kissing-bugs, and frogs. , 2000, Experimental parasitology.

[14]  P. M. Salazar Schettino,et al.  Importance of Triatoma pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) as a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the state of Morelos, Mexico, and possible ecotopes. , 1999, Journal of medical entomology.

[15]  V. Nussenzweig,et al.  The induction of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote to amastigote transformation by low pH , 1995, Parasitology.

[16]  M. Tvede,et al.  [Acute African trypanosomiasis imported into Denmark]. , 1985, Ugeskrift for læger.

[17]  J. Tay,et al.  Primer caso de megaesófago con serología positiva a Trypanosoma cruzi , 1984 .

[18]  J. W. Little,et al.  A study on the susceptibility of triatomid bugs to some Mexican strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. , 1966, Journal of medical entomology.

[19]  U. Kemmerling,et al.  Chagas disease: Present status of pathogenic mechanisms and chemotherapy. , 2010, Biological research.

[20]  O. Triana,et al.  [Trypanosoma rangeli parasite-vector-vertebrate interactions and their relationship to the systematics and epidemiology of American trypanosomiasis]. , 2007, Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud.

[21]  C. Fontes,et al.  [Upper gastrointestinal symptoms and esophageal motility disorders in indeterminate Chagas disease patients]. , 2007, Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical.

[22]  R. Quera,et al.  [Gastrointestinal motility disturbances in Chagas disease]. , 2004, Revista médica de Chile (Impresa).

[23]  B. Nogueda-Torres,et al.  Role of Two Triatoma (Hemiptera , 2001 .

[24]  P. M. Salazar Schettino,et al.  Epidemiologic study of Chagas' disease in a town in Oaxaca, Mexico. , 1986, Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization.