Assessing the Chronic Neuropsychologic Sequelae of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Negative Cryptococcal Meningitis by Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The high rate of neuropsychologic sequelae in CM survivors indicates that initial antifungal therapy is far from being satisfactory. This prospective cross-sectional study applied DTI on HIV-negative CM patients to determine whether microstructural changes in brain tissue are associated with subsequent cognitive symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with HIV-negative CM and 15 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers were evaluated and compared. All underwent complete medical and neurologic examinations and neuropsychologic testing. Brain DTI was obtained to derive the FA and ADC of several brain regions. Correlations among DTI parameters, neuropsychologic rating scores, and cryptococcal-antigen titer in CSF were analyzed. RESULTS: Significant ADC values increased and FA values decreased in HIV-negative CM patients in multiple selected regions of interest, including the genus of the corpus callosum and the frontal, parietal, orbito-frontal, and periventricular white matter and lentiform nucleus. Higher CSF cryptococcal-antigen titer on admission was associated with poorer DTI parameters (r = −0.666, P = .018), which were linearly related to worse cognitive performance during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The decline in brain DTI parameters in the associated brain areas indicates an HIV-negative CM microstructural pathology that is related to neuropsychologic consequences.