Neuromelanin detection by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its promise as a biomarker for Parkinson’s disease
暂无分享,去创建一个
Stanley Fahn | Jason Langley | Guillermo Horga | Ioannis U. Isaias | Xiaoping P. Hu | S. Fahn | D. Sulzer | Guillermo Horga | L. Casella | I. Isaias | U. Kang | J. Langley | L. Zecca | G. Pezzoli | C. Cassidy | F. Zucca | David Sulzer | Luigi Zecca | Fabio A. Zucca | Luigi Casella | Un Jung Kang | Gianni Pezzoli | Clifford Cassidy | U. Kang | Xiao-peng Hu | Luigi Casella
[1] Jesper Jeppesen,et al. Evaluation of the noradrenergic system in Parkinson’s disease: an 11C-MeNER PET and neuromelanin MRI study , 2018, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[2] S. Houle,et al. [18F]AV-1451 binding to neuromelanin in the substantia nigra in PD and PSP , 2018, Brain Structure and Function.
[3] Frank Jessen,et al. In vivo MRI assessment of the human locus coeruleus along its rostrocaudal extent in young and older adults , 2017, NeuroImage.
[4] Sergio Cerutti,et al. Contrast mechanisms associated with neuromelanin‐MRI , 2017, Magnetic resonance in medicine.
[5] Keith A. Johnson,et al. Lessons learned about [F-18]-AV-1451 off-target binding from an autopsy-confirmed Parkinson’s case , 2017, Acta Neuropathologica Communications.
[6] Duccio Volterrani,et al. Neuroimaging in Parkinson's disease: focus on substantia nigra and nigro-striatal projection , 2017, Current opinion in neurology.
[7] Tadeusz Sarna,et al. Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease , 2017, Progress in Neurobiology.
[8] S. Mallal,et al. T cells of Parkinson’s disease patients recognize α–synuclein peptides , 2017, Nature.
[9] Sander Nieuwenhuis,et al. In vivo visualization of the locus coeruleus in humans: quantifying the test–retest reliability , 2017, Brain Structure and Function.
[10] Dorothee P Auer,et al. In Vivo Assessment of Brainstem Depigmentation in Parkinson Disease: Potential as a Severity Marker for Multicenter Studies. , 2017, Radiology.
[11] Daniel E. Huddleston,et al. In vivo detection of lateral–ventral tier nigral degeneration in Parkinson's disease , 2017, Human brain mapping.
[12] S. Fleming,et al. Mechanisms of Gene-Environment Interactions in Parkinson’s Disease , 2017, Current Environmental Health Reports.
[13] M. G. Bridelli,et al. Synthesis, Structure Characterization, and Evaluation in Microglia Cultures of Neuromelanin Analogues Suitable for Modeling Parkinson's Disease. , 2017, ACS chemical neuroscience.
[14] A. Abi-Dargham,et al. 194. Neuromelanin-sensitive Mri as an Early Indicator of Dopamine Dysfunction in Individuals at Risk for Psychosis , 2017 .
[15] D. Surmeier,et al. Calcium and Parkinson's disease. , 2017, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.
[16] S. Aoki,et al. Neuromelanin MRI is useful for monitoring motor complications in Parkinson’s and PARK2 disease , 2017, Journal of Neural Transmission.
[17] Guangbin Wang,et al. Subtypes evaluation of motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease using neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging , 2017, Neuroscience Letters.
[18] Hanna Cho,et al. Subcortical 18F‐AV‐1451 binding patterns in progressive supranuclear palsy , 2017, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[19] Angelo Antonini,et al. Substantia Nigra Neuromelanin as an Imaging Biomarker of Disease Progression in Parkinson's Disease. , 2017, Journal of Parkinson's disease.
[20] Comparison of Dopamine Transporter SPECT and 123I-MIBG Myocardial Scintigraphy to Assess Clinical Severity in Patients With Parkinson Disease , 2017, Clinical nuclear medicine.
[21] Xiaoping Hu,et al. Reproducibility of locus coeruleus and substantia nigra imaging with neuromelanin sensitive MRI , 2017, Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine.
[22] Masayuki Satoh,et al. A longitudinal study of neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson’s disease , 2016, Neuroscience Letters.
[23] W. Moon,et al. A Comparison of Substantia Nigra T1 Hyperintensity in Parkinson's Disease Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease and Age-Matched Controls: Volumetric Analysis of Neuromelanin Imaging , 2016, Korean Journal of Radiology.
[24] Luca Mainardi,et al. Neuromelanin Imaging and Dopaminergic Loss in Parkinson's Disease , 2016, Front. Aging Neurosci..
[25] D. Brooks,et al. In vivo imaging of neuromelanin in Parkinson's disease using 18F-AV-1451 PET. , 2016, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[26] J. Audinot,et al. Elemental mapping of Neuromelanin organelles of human Substantia Nigra: correlative ultrastructural and chemical analysis by analytical transmission electron microscopy and nano‐secondary ion mass spectrometry , 2016, Journal of neurochemistry.
[27] E. Tolosa,et al. Loss of dorsolateral nigral hyperintensity on 3.0 tesla susceptibility‐weighted imaging in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder , 2016, Annals of neurology.
[28] Ji Young Yun,et al. Loss of Nigral Hyperintensity on 3 Tesla MRI of Parkinsonism: Comparison With 123I‐FP‐CIT SPECT , 2016, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[29] Andrew B Singleton,et al. Genetics in Parkinson disease: Mendelian versus non‐Mendelian inheritance , 2016, Journal of neurochemistry.
[30] Marie Vidailhet,et al. The coeruleus/subcoeruleus complex in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. , 2016, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[31] Fumitoshi Kodaka,et al. Principal Component Analysis of Multimodal Neuromelanin MRI and Dopamine Transporter PET Data Provides a Specific Metric for the Nigral Dopaminergic Neuronal Density , 2016, PloS one.
[32] Xiaobo Wei,et al. Position Emission Tomography/Single‐Photon Emission Tomography Neuroimaging for Detection of Premotor Parkinson's Disease , 2016, CNS neuroscience & therapeutics.
[33] S. Fujii,et al. Correlation between neuromelanin-sensitive MR imaging and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT in patients with parkinsonism , 2016, Neuroradiology.
[34] N. Belluardo,et al. Current disease modifying approaches to treat Parkinson’s disease , 2016, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.
[35] K. Salikhov,et al. Zavoisky and the discovery of EPR , 2015 .
[36] Keith A. Johnson,et al. Validating novel tau positron emission tomography tracer [F‐18]‐AV‐1451 (T807) on postmortem brain tissue , 2015, Annals of neurology.
[37] Michael Schocke,et al. Dorsolateral nigral hyperintensity on 3.0T susceptibility‐weighted imaging in neurodegenerative Parkinsonism , 2015, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[38] R. Nunes,et al. Substantia nigra neuromelanin‐MR imaging differentiates essential tremor from Parkinson's disease , 2015, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[39] Carlos Ortiz-de-Solorzano,et al. Automated Neuromelanin Imaging as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Parkinson's Disease , 2015, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[40] Xiangchuan Chen,et al. A multicontrast approach for comprehensive imaging of substantia nigra , 2015, NeuroImage.
[41] M. Tremblay,et al. From the Cajal alumni Achúcarro and Río-Hortega to the rediscovery of never-resting microglia , 2015, Front. Neuroanat..
[42] D. Sulzer,et al. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease animal models: a cell stress response or a step in neurodegeneration? , 2015, Current topics in behavioral neurosciences.
[43] Xiaoping Hu,et al. Simultaneous imaging of locus coeruleus and substantia nigra with a quantitative neuromelanin MRI approach. , 2014, Magnetic resonance imaging.
[44] Cyril Poupon,et al. 7 tesla magnetic resonance imaging: A closer look at substantia nigra anatomy in Parkinson's disease , 2014, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[45] Jeff H Duyn,et al. The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders , 2014, The Lancet Neurology.
[46] J. Volkmann,et al. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Density in Cognitively Intact Subjects at an Early Stage of Parkinson’s Disease , 2014, Front. Aging Neurosci..
[47] Hisashi Tanaka,et al. Neuromelanin Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Increased Dopaminergic Neuron Activity in the Substantia Nigra of Patients with Schizophrenia , 2014, PloS one.
[48] Yasuo Terayama,et al. Differentiation of early-stage parkinsonisms using neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging. , 2014, Parkinsonism & related disorders.
[49] D. Sulzer,et al. MHC-I expression renders catecholaminergic neurons susceptible to T-cell-mediated degeneration , 2014, Nature Communications.
[50] Agostinho Santos,et al. ioinorganic chemistry ron levels in the human brain : A post-mortem study of anatomical egion differences and age-related changes , 2013 .
[51] S. Fujii,et al. Evaluation of Parkinson Disease and Alzheimer Disease with the Use of Neuromelanin MR Imaging and 123I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy , 2013, American Journal of Neuroradiology.
[52] Habib Benali,et al. The coeruleus/subcoeruleus complex in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorders in Parkinson’s disease , 2013, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[53] Hidekazu Tomimoto,et al. Neuromelanin Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Parkinson's Disease and Multiple System Atrophy , 2013, European Neurology.
[54] D. Surmeier,et al. Neuronal vulnerability, pathogenesis, and Parkinson's disease , 2013, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[55] Shinya Fujii,et al. Correlation between pathology and neuromelanin MR imaging in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies , 2013, Neuroradiology.
[56] Yasuo Terayama,et al. Changes in substantia nigra and locus coeruleus in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease using neuromelanin-sensitive MR imaging , 2013, Neuroscience Letters.
[57] D. Sulzer,et al. Neuromelanin of the Human Substantia Nigra: An Update , 2013, Neurotoxicity Research.
[58] K. Wakamatsu,et al. Neuromelanins of Human Brain Have Soluble and Insoluble Components with Dolichols Attached to the Melanic Structure , 2012, PloS one.
[59] M. Esiri,et al. Aluminium, iron and copper in human brain tissues donated to the Medical Research Council's Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. , 2012, Metallomics : integrated biometal science.
[60] K. Laere,et al. European multicentre database of healthy controls for [123I]FP-CIT SPECT (ENC-DAT): age-related effects, gender differences and evaluation of different methods of analysis , 2012, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.
[61] P. Crenna,et al. Enhanced catecholamine transporter binding in the locus coeruleus of patients with early Parkinson disease , 2011, BMC neurology.
[62] F. Cupaioli,et al. Chapter 9:The Role of Iron in Neurodegeneration , 2011 .
[63] 真司 田中,et al. 3テスラMRIによる中脳黒質neuromelanin-related contrastの描出:正常およびパーキンソン病における比較 , 2011 .
[64] Makoto Tanaka,et al. [Neuromelanin-related contrast in the substantia nigra semiquantitatively evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging at 3T: comparison between normal aging and Parkinson disease]. , 2011, Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology.
[65] K. Kashihara,et al. Reduction of neuromelanin-positive nigral volume in patients with MSA, PSP and CBD. , 2011, Internal medicine.
[66] Stanley Fahn,et al. Neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in Parkinson disease , 2011, NeuroRX.
[67] R. Burke,et al. Clinical progression in Parkinson disease and the neurobiology of axons , 2010, Annals of neurology.
[68] K P Bhatia,et al. The role of DAT-SPECT in movement disorders , 2008, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.
[69] G. Cohen. Iron-Sulfur Proteins , 2010 .
[70] J. Bulte,et al. Direct saturation MRI: Theory and application to imaging brain iron , 2009, Magnetic resonance in medicine.
[71] D. Sulzer,et al. Interplay between Cytosolic Dopamine, Calcium, and α-Synuclein Causes Selective Death of Substantia Nigra Neurons , 2009, Neuron.
[72] D. Sulzer,et al. Intraneuronal dopamine-quinone synthesis: A review , 1999, Neurotoxicity Research.
[73] G. Edwards,et al. Neuromelanins Isolated from Different Regions of the Human Brain Exhibit a Common Surface Photoionization Threshold , 2009, Photochemistry and photobiology.
[74] D. Sulzer,et al. Neuromelanin Activates Microglia and Induces Degeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons: Implications for Progression of Parkinson’s Disease , 2009, Neurotoxicity Research.
[75] N. Turro,et al. New melanic pigments in the human brain that accumulate in aging and block environmental toxic metals , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
[76] Alberto Albertini,et al. Neuromelanin can protect against iron‐mediated oxidative damage in system modeling iron overload of brain aging and Parkinson’s disease , 2008, Journal of neurochemistry.
[77] D. Sulzer,et al. Neuronal pigmented autophagic vacuoles: lipofuscin, neuromelanin, and ceroid as macroautophagic responses during aging and disease , 2008, Journal of neurochemistry.
[78] P. Riederer,et al. Tyrosinase is not detected in human catecholaminergic neurons by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. , 2007, Journal of neural transmission. Supplementum.
[79] Eri Shibata,et al. Age-related changes in locus ceruleus on neuromelanin magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla. , 2006, Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
[80] G. Edwards,et al. The surface oxidation potential of human neuromelanin reveals a spherical architecture with a pheomelanin core and a eumelanin surface , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
[81] A. Antonini,et al. Striatal dopamine transporter binding in Parkinson's disease associated with the LRRK2 Gly2019Ser mutation , 2006, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[82] Yasuo Terayama,et al. Neuromelanin magnetic resonance imaging of locus ceruleus and substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease , 2006, Neuroreport.
[83] L. Zecca,et al. Neuromelanin and iron in human locus coeruleus and substantia nigra during aging: consequences for neuronal vulnerability , 2006, Journal of Neural Transmission.
[84] P. Riederer,et al. Dolichol is the major lipid component of human substantia nigra neuromelanin , 2005, Journal of neurochemistry.
[85] G. Reynolds,et al. Increased iron (III) and total iron content in post mortem substantia nigra of parkinsonian brain , 2005, Journal of Neural Transmission.
[86] J. Connor,et al. Iron, brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders , 2004, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.
[87] Alberto Gatti,et al. The role of iron and copper molecules in the neuronal vulnerability of locus coeruleus and substantia nigra during aging. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[88] D. German,et al. Inverse relationship between the contents of neuromelanin pigment and the vesicular monoamine transporter‐2: Human midbrain dopamine neurons , 2004, The Journal of comparative neurology.
[89] P. Riederer,et al. Iron-binding characteristics of neuromelanin of the human substantia nigra. , 2003, Biochemical pharmacology.
[90] H. Braak,et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease , 2003, Neurobiology of Aging.
[91] G. Barker,et al. Precise estimate of fundamental in-vivo MT parameters in human brain in clinically feasible times. , 2002, Magnetic resonance imaging.
[92] B. Pakkenberg,et al. Ageing of substantia nigra in humans: cell loss may be compensated by hypertrophy , 2002, Neuropathology and applied neurobiology.
[93] B. Bergamasco,et al. Magnetic investigations of human mesencephalic neuromelanin. , 2002, Biochimica et biophysica acta.
[94] Alberto Gatti,et al. The absolute concentration of nigral neuromelanin, assayed by a new sensitive method, increases throughout the life and is dramatically decreased in Parkinson's disease , 2002, FEBS letters.
[95] D. Sulzer,et al. Substantia nigra neuromelanin: structure, synthesis, and molecular behaviour , 2001, Molecular pathology : MP.
[96] M. Gallorini. Combined biochemical separation and INAA for the determination of iron and other metals in Neuromelanin of human brain Substantia Nigra , 2001, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.
[97] L. Zecca,et al. The determination of iron and other metals by INAA in Cortex, Cerebellum and Putamen of human brain and in their neuromelanins , 2001 .
[98] M Gallorini,et al. Iron, neuromelanin and ferritin content in the substantia nigra of normal subjects at different ages: consequences for iron storage and neurodegenerative processes , 2001, Journal of neurochemistry.
[99] L. Greene,et al. Neuromelanin biosynthesis is driven by excess cytosolic catecholamines not accumulated by synaptic vesicles. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[100] J. Haycock,et al. Synaptic Vesicle Transporter Expression Regulates Vesicle Phenotype and Quantal Size , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.
[101] D J Wyper,et al. Correlation of Parkinson's disease severity and duration with 123I‐FP‐CIT SPECT striatal uptake , 2000, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[102] S. Ito,et al. Interaction of Human Substantia Nigra Neuromelanin with Lipids and Peptides , 2000, Journal of neurochemistry.
[103] B. Bergamasco,et al. Q-band EPR investigations of neuromelanin in control and Parkinson's disease patients. , 2000, Biochimica et biophysica acta.
[104] Y. Agid,et al. Preservation of midbrain catecholaminergic neurons in very old human subjects. , 2000, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[105] Ma,et al. Unbiased morphometrical measurements show loss of pigmented nigral neurones with ageing , 1999, Neuropathology and applied neurobiology.
[106] L. Zecca,et al. X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy studies of Fe sites in natural human neuromelanin and synthetic analogues. , 1998, Biophysical journal.
[107] S. Ito,et al. Does tyrosinase exist in neuromelanin-pigmented neurons in the human substantia nigra? , 1998, Neuroscience Letters.
[108] J. Meldolesi,et al. High-resolution calcium mapping of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi-exocytic membrane system. Electron energy loss imaging analysis of quick frozen-freeze dried PC12 cells. , 1997, Molecular Biology of the Cell.
[109] R Weissleder,et al. Paramagnetic metal scavenging by melanin: MR imaging. , 1997, Radiology.
[110] B. Bergamasco,et al. EPR investigations of the iron domain in neuromelanin. , 1997, Biochimica et biophysica acta.
[111] Robert L. Nussbaum,et al. Mutation in the α-Synuclein Gene Identified in Families with Parkinson's Disease , 1997 .
[112] S E Ide,et al. Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease. , 1997, Science.
[113] T. Shima,et al. Binding of iron to neuromelanin of human substantia nigra and synthetic melanin: an electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy study. , 1997, Free radical biology & medicine.
[114] H. M. Swartz,et al. Interaction of neuromelanin and iron in substantia nigra and other areas of human brain , 1996, Neuroscience.
[115] M. Barcikowska,et al. Iron in parkinsonian and control substantia nigra—A mössbauer spectroscopy study , 1996, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[116] R. Bryant,et al. The dynamics of water-protein interactions. , 1996, Annual review of biophysics and biomolecular structure.
[117] C G Peterfy,et al. MR imaging. , 1996, Bailliere's clinical rheumatology.
[118] C. Palivan,et al. CHARACTERIZATION BY ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF THE COORDINATION ENVIRONMENT OF COPPER IN SOME COPPER(II) COMPLEXES OF ASYMMETRIC TRIAZINES HAVING HIGH SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY , 1995 .
[119] P. Riederer,et al. Mössbauer Spectroscopic Studies of Purified Human Neuromelanin Isolated from the Substantia Nigra , 1995, Journal of neurochemistry.
[120] J. Markley,et al. NMR spectroscopic studies of paramagnetic proteins: iron-sulfur proteins. , 1995, Annual review of biophysics and biomolecular structure.
[121] C. Morris,et al. Iron histochemistry of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. , 1994, Neurodegeneration : a journal for neurodegenerative disorders, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration.
[122] D. Radice,et al. Iron and Other Metals in Neuromelanin, Substantia Nigra, and Putamen of Human Brain , 1994, Journal of neurochemistry.
[123] W. S. Enochs,et al. Purified Human Neuromelanin, Synthetic Dopamine Melanin as a Potential Model Pigment, and the Normal Human Substantia Nigra: Characterization by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , 1993, Journal of neurochemistry.
[124] H. M. Swartz,et al. Total and paramagnetic metals in human substantia nigra and its neuromelanin , 1993, Journal of neural transmission. Parkinson's disease and dementia section.
[125] D B Hinshaw,et al. Effects of the interaction between ferric iron and L‐dopa melanin on T1 and T2 relaxation times determined by magnetic resonance imaging , 1992, Magnetic resonance in medicine.
[126] E. Parati,et al. The chemical characterization of melanin contained in substantia nigra of human brain. , 1992, Biochimica et biophysica acta.
[127] M. Lipton,et al. Synergistic enhancement of MRI with Gd-DTPA and magnetization transfer. , 1992, Journal of computer assisted tomography.
[128] A. Lees,et al. Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. , 1991, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[129] W. Gibb,et al. Anatomy, pigmentation, ventral and dorsal subpopulations of the substantia nigra, and differential cell death in Parkinson's disease. , 1991, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.
[130] J. Connor,et al. Cellular distribution of transferrin, ferritin, and iron in normal and aged human brains , 1990, Journal of neuroscience research.
[131] P. Mcgeer,et al. Reactive microglia are positive for HLA‐DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains , 1988, Neurology.
[132] C. Marsden,et al. INCREASED NIGRAL IRON CONTENT IN POSTMORTEM PARKINSONIAN BRAIN , 1987, The Lancet.
[133] Robert C. Wolpert,et al. A Review of the , 1985 .
[134] K. Johnson. An Update. , 1984, Journal of food protection.
[135] J. Dankert,et al. PENICILLIN-SENSITIVE STREPTOCOCCAL ENDOCARDITIS , 1982, The Lancet.
[136] G. Fenichel,et al. Studies on neuromelanin: II. Melanin in the brainstems of infants and children , 1968, Neurology.
[137] O. Hornykiewicz,et al. [Distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) in the human brain and their behavior in diseases of the extrapyramidal system]. , 1998, Klinische Wochenschrift.
[138] L. Griffiths. Detection and Identification of the Polyphenoloxidase Substrate of the Banana , 1959, Nature.
[139] B. Hallgren,et al. THE EFFECT OF AGE ON THE NON‐HAEMIN IRON IN THE HUMAN BRAIN , 1958, Journal of neurochemistry.
[140] I. Rabi,et al. A New Method of Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moment , 1938 .
[141] P. James. An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , 1817, The Medico-Chirurgical Journal and Review.