Multi-objective optimal sizing of grid connected photovoltaic batteryless system minimizing the total life cycle cost and the grid energy

Abstract The increasing demand of electricity has led to drastic use of renewable energy resources because of the scarcity and environmental effects of fossil fuel. Photovoltaic energy is one of renewable energy sources that emerges exponentially due to its environmentally friendly, operating and maintenance free, among other benefits. However, the main drawback of photovoltaic energy is its unreliability due to unpredictable nature of solar. Thus, this paper tackles a novel optimization technique based on multi-objective sizing of grid connected photovoltaic without energy storage systems. The objective aims at minimizing the total life cycle cost (TLCC) and energy purchased from utility grid while maximizing the reliability. In this study, the microgrid system reliability is expressed by the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). Mixed integer linear programming has been used to determine the decision variables which are the optimal number of photovoltaic panels and the hourly powers from utility grid. A case study has been done based on daily power demand of Engineering workshops at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT). From the results obtained, the optimal number is 354 photovoltaic arrays, 0.6022 kWh is purchased from the grid from 7:00 h to 18:00 h, and the total life cycle cost of the project is found to be 191630$. The daily potential energy saving is up to 64.16%.

[1]  Ignacio J. Pérez-Arriaga,et al.  Prospects for grid-connected solar PV in Kenya: A systems approach , 2013 .

[2]  Sheila Samsatli,et al.  A general mixed integer linear programming model for the design and operation of integrated urban energy systems , 2018, Journal of Cleaner Production.

[3]  Alireza Maheri,et al.  Multi-objective design under uncertainties of hybrid renewable energy system using NSGA-II and chance constrained programming , 2016 .

[4]  Ilhami Colak,et al.  Photovoltaic maximum power point tracking under fast varying of solar radiation , 2016 .

[5]  Temitope Raphael Ayodele,et al.  Optimal allocation and sizing of PV/Wind/Split-diesel/Battery hybrid energy system for minimizing life cycle cost, carbon emission and dump energy of remote residential building , 2016 .

[6]  Jiaming Li,et al.  Optimal sizing of grid-connected photovoltaic battery systems for residential houses in Australia , 2019, Renewable Energy.

[7]  M. Carrion,et al.  A computationally efficient mixed-integer linear formulation for the thermal unit commitment problem , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[8]  Hemanshu R. Pota,et al.  Optimal sizing of grid-tied hybrid renewable energy systems considering inverter to PV ratio—A case study , 2019, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy.

[9]  Xiaohua Xia,et al.  Systems optimization model for energy management of a parallel HPGR crushing process , 2015 .

[10]  Giovanni Rinaldi,et al.  A Branch-and-Cut Algorithm for the Resolution of Large-Scale Symmetric Traveling Salesman Problems , 1991, SIAM Rev..

[11]  Jan K. Sykulski,et al.  Grid-connected photovoltaic module and array sizing based on an iterative approach , 2013 .

[12]  Xiaohua Xia,et al.  Model predictive control of heat pump water heater-instantaneous shower powered with integrated renewable-grid energy systems , 2017 .

[13]  Massimiliano Renzi,et al.  Optimal sizing of hybrid solar micro-CHP systems for the household sector , 2015 .

[14]  Ahmad Maliki Omar,et al.  Sizing verification of photovoltaic array and grid-connected inverter ratio for the Malaysian building integrated photovoltaic project , 2009 .

[15]  Sonia Martínez,et al.  Storage Size Determination for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[16]  Lingfeng Wang,et al.  PSO-Based Multi-Criteria Optimum Design of A Grid-Connected Hybrid Power System With Multiple Renewable Sources of Energy , 2007, 2007 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium.

[17]  Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar,et al.  Techno-economic analysis of 1 MWp grid connected solar PV plant in Malaysia , 2019 .

[18]  R. El Bachtiri,et al.  Economic Sizing of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System: Case of GISER research project in Morocco , 2018 .

[19]  Laura Palagi,et al.  A MILP methodology to optimize sizing of PV - Wind renewable energy systems , 2018, Energy.

[20]  Ruzhu Wang,et al.  Renewable energy in Kenya: Resource potential and status of exploitation , 2011 .

[21]  Dhaker Abbes,et al.  Life cycle cost, embodied energy and loss of power supply probability for the optimal design of hybrid power systems , 2014, Math. Comput. Simul..

[22]  G. Ribiere,et al.  Experiments in mixed-integer linear programming , 1971, Math. Program..

[23]  Makbul A.M. Ramli,et al.  Economic analysis of PV/diesel hybrid system with flywheel energy storage , 2015 .

[24]  Ahmed R. Abul’Wafa,et al.  Energy Storage Sizing for Rooftop Grid-Connected PV System , 2017 .

[25]  Laia Ferrer-Martí,et al.  A MILP model to design hybrid wind-photovoltaic isolated rural electrification projects in developing countries , 2013, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[26]  X. Xia,et al.  Demand side management of photovoltaic-battery hybrid system , 2015 .

[27]  Yao Azoumah,et al.  Modeling and optimization of batteryless hybrid PV (photovoltaic)/Diesel systems for off-grid applications , 2015 .

[28]  Rita Puig,et al.  Optimal sizing of a hybrid grid-connected photovoltaic and wind power system , 2015 .

[29]  Francisco Jurado,et al.  Power control based on particle swarm optimization of grid-connected inverter for hybrid renewable energy system , 2015 .

[30]  Ismail Musirin,et al.  Sizing grid-connected photovoltaic system using genetic algorithm , 2011, 2011 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics and Applications.

[31]  Nyoman Gunantara,et al.  A review of multi-objective optimization: Methods and its applications , 2018 .

[32]  Khaled Sedraoui,et al.  Optimal sizing of grid-connected photovoltaic energy system in Saudi Arabia , 2015 .

[33]  Jayanta Deb Mondol,et al.  Sizing of grid-connected photovoltaic systems , 2007 .

[34]  K. Kusakana,et al.  Demand Side Management of a grid connected PV-WT-Battery hybrid system , 2016, 2016 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE).

[35]  G. J. Rios-Moreno,et al.  Optimal sizing of renewable hybrids energy systems: A review of methodologies , 2012 .

[36]  Xiaohua Xia,et al.  Energy dispatch strategy for a photovoltaic-wind-diesel-battery hybrid power system , 2014 .

[37]  Alessandro Rucco,et al.  A finite-time cutting plane algorithm for distributed mixed integer linear programming , 2017, 2017 IEEE 56th Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[38]  S. C. Kaushik,et al.  A review on modeling, design methodology and size optimization of photovoltaic based water pumping, standalone and grid connected system , 2016 .

[39]  X. Xia,et al.  Minimum cost solution of photovoltaic–diesel–battery hybrid power systems for remote consumers , 2013 .

[40]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Optimal sizing of a lithium battery energy storage system for grid-connected photovoltaic systems , 2017, 2017 IEEE Second International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM).

[41]  Ramesh C. Bansal,et al.  The Impacts of PV-Wind-Diesel-Electric Storage Hybrid System on the Reliability of a Power System , 2017 .

[42]  Miqdam T. Chaichan,et al.  Techno-economic feasibility analysis of 1 MW photovoltaic grid connected system in Oman , 2017 .

[43]  C. M. F. Kebe,et al.  Methodology to Size an Optimal Stand-Alone PV/wind/diesel/battery System Minimizing the Levelized cost of Energy and the CO2 Emissions , 2012 .