Individual differences in working memory within a nomological network of cognitive and perceptual speed abilities.

It has become fashionable to equate constructs of working memory (WM) and general intelligence (g). Few investigations have provided direct evidence that WM and g measures yield similar ordering of individuals. Correlational investigations have yielded mixed results. The authors assess the construct space for WM and g and demonstrate that WM shares substantial variance with perceptual speed (PS) constructs. Thirty-six ability tests representing verbal, numerical, spatial, and PS abilities; the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices; and 7 WM tests were administered to 135 adults. A nomological representation for WM is provided through a series of cognitive and PS ability models. Construct overlap between PS and WM is further investigated with attention to complexity, processing differences, and practice effects.

[1]  P. S. Achilles.  THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CORPORATION. , 1923, Science.

[2]  Cyril Burt,et al.  The structure of human abilities , 1951 .

[3]  G. Whipple.  Manual of mental and physical tests , 1911 .

[4]  R. Engle,et al.  Working-memory capacity as long-term memory activation: an individual-differences approach. , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[5]  F. Krueger,et al.  Die Korrelation zwischen verschiedenen geistigen Leistungsfähigkeiten , 1906 .

[6]  Kristy R Bowen,et al.  Explorations of crystallized intelligence: Completion tests, cloze tests, and knowledge , 2000 .

[7]  Jacob Cohen.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[8]  Patrick C. Kyllonen,et al.  Dimensions of Information Processing Speed , 1985 .

[9]  R. Engle.  Working Memory Capacity as Executive Attention , 2002 .

[10]  H. R. Burke.  Raven's progressive matrices: a review and critical evaluation. , 1958, The Journal of genetic psychology.

[11]  R. Engle,et al.  Is working memory capacity task dependent , 1989 .

[12]  Randall W Engle,et al.  Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: a latent-variable approach. , 1999, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[13]  T. Salthouse,et al.  Decomposing adult age differences in working memory. , 1991 .

[14]  Michael C. Pyryt.  Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor analytic studies , 1998 .

[15]  P. Bentler.  On the fit of models to covariances and methodology to the Bulletin. , 1992, Psychological bulletin.

[16]  C. B.,et al.  The Factorial Analysis of Human Ability , 1939, Nature.

[17]  R. Sternberg,et al.  Unities in inductive reasoning , 1983 .

[18]  R. Shiffrin,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: I , 1977 .

[19]  I. Neath.  Human Memory: An Introduction to Research, Data, and Theory , 1997 .

[20]  B. Byrne.  Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming , 1998 .

[21]  Phillip L. Ackerman,et al.  Determinants of Learning and Performance in an Associative Memory/Substitution Task: Task Constraints, Individual Differences, Volition, and Motivation. , 1994 .

[22]  E. Thorndike.  The measurement of intelligence , 1924 .

[23]  Andrew R. A. Conway,et al.  A controlled-attention view of working-memory capacity. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[24]  S. Hale,et al.  Relationships among processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence in children , 2000, Biological Psychology.

[25]  Wm. R. Wright.  General Intelligence, Objectively Determined and Measured. , 1905 .

[26]  R. L. Babcock,et al.  Analysis of adult age differences on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Test. , 1994, Psychology and aging.

[27]  G. Lawton.  THE MEASUREMENT OF ADULT INTELLIGENCE , 1939 .

[28]  Karl G. Jöreskog,et al.  Lisrel 8: Structural Equation Modeling With the Simplis Command Language , 1993 .

[29]  O. Wilhelm,et al.  Working memory capacity - facets of a cognitive ability construct , 2000 .

[30]  S. Mulaik,et al.  Foundations of Factor Analysis , 1975 .

[31]  R. Wilton.  The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory. Vol 4. , 1972 .

[32]  P. Ackerman,et al.  Psychomotor abilities via touch‐panel testing: Measurement innovations, construct, and criterion validity , 1999 .

[33]  L. Terman,et al.  Genius and Stupidity , 1975 .

[34]  P. Ackerman,et al.  Cognitive, perceptual-speed, and psychomotor determinants of individual differences during skill acquisition. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[35]  P. Ackerman.  A correlational analysis of skill specificity: Learning, abilities, and individual differences. , 1990 .

[36]  J. Raven,et al.  Manual for Raven's progressive matrices and vocabulary scales , 1962 .

[37]  P. Ackerman.  Determinants of individual differences during skill acquisition: Cognitive abilities and information processing. , 1988 .

[38]  David Wechsler,et al.  The measurement of adult intelligence, 3rd ed. , 1941 .

[39]  F. Ohnmacht,et al.  Cloze and closure: a factorial study. , 1970, The Journal of psychology.

[40]  P. Bentler,et al.  Comparative fit indexes in structural models. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[41]  J. Lehto.  Are Executive Function Tests Dependent on Working Memory Capacity? , 1996 .

[42]  David J. Therriault,et al.  A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence , 2002 .

[43]  Wilson L. Taylor,et al.  “Cloze Procedure”: A New Tool for Measuring Readability , 1953 .

[44]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. , 1977 .

[45]  C. SPEARMAN,et al.  The Measurement of Intelligence , 1927, Nature.

[46]  Ian J. Deary,et al.  Intelligence and inspection time: Achievements, prospects, and problems. , 1996 .

[47]  M. A. Merrill,et al.  Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale , 1972 .

[48]  Phillip L. Ackerman,et al.  INTEGRATING LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY FOR IMPROVING SELECTION: DEVELOPMENT OF A BATTERY FOR PREDICTING AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER SUCCESS , 1993 .

[49]  P. Ackerman.  Individual differences in information processing: An investigation of intellectual abilities and task performance during practice ☆ , 1986 .

[50]  Richard D. Roberts,et al.  Learning and Individual Differences: Process, Trait and Content Determinants , 1999 .

[51]  R. Wood.  Task complexity: Definition of the construct , 1986 .

[52]  Patrick C. Kyllonen,et al.  Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?! , 1990 .

[53]  T. Salthouse.  The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. , 1996, Psychological review.

[54]  P. Ackerman.  Predicting individual differences in complex skill acquisition: dynamics of ability determinants. , 1992, The Journal of applied psychology.

[55]  Phillip L. Ackerman,et al.  Cognitive and Noncognitive Determinants and Consequences of Complex Skill Acquisition , 2004 .

[56]  P. Bentler,et al.  Fit indices in covariance structure modeling : Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification , 1998 .

[57]  Manual of Mental and Physical Tests , 1911 .

[58]  B B Cobb,et al.  Proposed new test for aptitude screening of air traffic controller applicants. , 1973, Aerospace medicine.

[59]  D. Tulsky,et al.  WAIS-III WMS-III Technical manual , 1977 .

[60]  A. Jensen,et al.  The g factor , 1996, Nature.

[61]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: 1. Detection, Search, and Attention. , 1977 .

[62]  A. Paolitto,et al.  Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. , 2000 .

[63]  David F. Lohman,et al.  The complexity continuum in the radex and hierarchical models of intelligence , 1983 .

[64]  P. Ackerman.  Traits and knowledge as determinants of learning and individual differences: Putting it all together. , 1999 .

[65]  P. Bentler,et al.  Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures , 1980 .

[66]  S. Hale,et al.  Processing Speed, Working Memory, and Fluid Intelligence: Evidence for a Developmental Cascade , 1996 .

[67]  R. MacCallum,et al.  Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. , 2000, Annual review of psychology.

[68]  C. Spearman.  The theory of two factors. , 1914 .

[69]  H. Harman,et al.  Kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests , 1976 .

[70]  P. Ackerman.  A Reappraisal of the Ability Determinants of Individual Differences in Skilled Performance , 2000 .

[71]  D. Wechsler.  The Measurement Of Adult Intelligence , 1925 .

[72]  R. Schmidt,et al.  Training for Performance - Principles of Applied Human Learning - Morrison,Je , 1993 .

[73]  C. Spearman,et al.  The Nature of "Intelligence" and the Principles of Cognition. , 1924 .

[74]  N. Cowan.  What is more explanatory, processing capacity or processing speed? , 1998 .

[75]  A. Baddeley,et al.  Working Memory: The multiple-component model , 1999 .

[76]  Benton J. Underwood,et al.  Individual differences as a crucible in theory construction. , 1975 .

[77]  Richard G. Montanelli,et al.  An Investigation of the Parallel Analysis Criterion for Determining the Number of Common Factors , 1975 .

[78]  T. Salthouse,et al.  Processing speed as a mental capacity. , 1994, Acta psychologica.

[79]  C. Adcock,et al.  Primary Mental Abilities. , 1971, The Journal of general psychology.

[80]  L. Hayduk.  Structural equation modeling with LISREL , 1987 .

[81]  M A Just,et al.  From the SelectedWorks of Marcel Adam Just 1990 What one intelligence test measures : A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test , 2016 .

[82]  R. Sternberg.  Advances in the psychology of human intelligence , 1982 .

[83]  P. Ackerman.  Individual differences in skill learning: An integration of psychometric and information processing perspectives. , 1987 .

[84]  T. Salthouse,et al.  Aging, inhibition, working memory, and speed. , 1995, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[85]  F. H. Jurden.  Individual differences in working memory and complex cognition , 1995 .

[86]  K. Schweizer.  Level of encoding, preattentive processing and working-memory capacity as sources of cognitive ability , 1996 .

[87]  J. Laird,et al.  The Nature of “Intelligence” and the Principles of Cognition , 1923, Nature.