Survey of Literature on Reflection and Scattering of Sound Waves at the Sea Surface

The problem of diffraction of waves at uneven surfaces has received increasing attention in the past 15–20 years. This has resulted in a large number of reports and papers in the open literature. In this review article most of the publications dealing with sound waves and pressure release surfaces (both theoretical and experimental) that appeared up to the beginning of 1969 are mentioned as references. They are classified by subject, and the main currents in the literature (Rayleigh and Uretsky method for sinusoidal boundaries, Eckart theory with Kirchhoff approximation for random surfaces, experiments at sea) are analyzed and discussed. General trends, relations between studies, agreements, and contradictions are mentioned. It is found that nearly all of the publications cover only part of the problem: although the wave diffraction at rough surfaces is a function of three basic quantities simultaneously (i.e. time, frequency of incident wave, and geometry), most of the papers deal with only one or anothe...

[1]  David Middleton,et al.  A statistical theory of reverberation and similar first-order scattered fields-I: Waveforms and the general process , 1967, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[2]  John J. Martin.  Time and Frequency Characteristics of an Acoustic Signal Reflected from a Rough Boundary , 1968 .

[3]  Reflection of Plane Waves of Sound from a Sinusoidal Surface , 1957 .

[4]  Donald E. Barrick,et al.  Rough Surface Scattering Based on the Specular Point Theory , 1968 .

[5]  W. Meecham,et al.  Reflection of Sound from a Surface of Saw‐Tooth Profile , 1957 .

[6]  R. Brockelman,et al.  Note on the effect of shadowing on the backscattering of waves from a random rough surface , 1966 .

[7]  Carl Eckart,et al.  The Scattering of Sound from the Sea Surface , 1953 .

[8]  G. Garrison,et al.  Measurements of the Backscattering of Underwater Sound from the Sea Surface , 1960 .

[9]  David Middleton,et al.  A statistical theory of reverberation and similar first-order scattered fields-II: Moments, spectra and special distributions , 1967, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[10]  R. P. Chapman,et al.  Surface Backscattering Strengths Measured over an Extended Range of Frequencies and Grazing Angles , 1964 .

[11]  William C. Meecham.  Fourier Transform Method for the Treatment of the Problem of the Reflection of Radiation from Irregular Surfaces , 1956 .

[12]  I. Ostrovsky,et al.  Very High Frequency Radiowave Scattering by a Disturbed Sea Surface , 1968 .

[13]  Underwater Sound Reflection from a Corrugated Surface , 1956 .

[14]  J. L Uretsky,et al.  The scattering of plane waves from periodic surfaces , 1965 .

[15]  H. W. Marsh.  Sound Reflection and Scattering from the Sea Surface , 1963 .

[16]  Morris Schulkin,et al.  Scattering of Underwater Sound by the Sea Surface , 1961 .

[17]  I. Abubakar,et al.  Scattering of plane elastic waves at rough surfaces. I , 1962, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[18]  R. Urick,et al.  Backscattering of Sound from the Sea Surface: Its Measurement, Causes, and Application to the Prediction of Reverberation Levels , 1956 .

[19]  B. Smith,et al.  Geometrical shadowing of a random rough surface , 1967 .

[20]  K. E. Hawker,et al.  Shadowing of Randomly Rough Surfaces , 1969 .

[21]  P. Beckmann,et al.  The scattering of electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces , 1963 .

[22]  P. Beckmann.  Shadowing of random rough surfaces , 1965 .

[23]  P. Beckmann,et al.  Scattering by composite rough surfaces , 1965 .

[24]  D. Mintzer.  Discussion of the Paper by C. Eckart on Sea Surface Scattering , 1953 .

[25]  W. Munk,et al.  Measurement of the Roughness of the Sea Surface from Photographs of the Sun’s Glitter , 1954 .

[26]  V. E. Benes,et al.  Statistical Theory of Communication , 1960 .

[27]  R. Beyer,et al.  Reflection of Sound from Randomly Rough Surfaces , 1960 .

[28]  C. S. Clay,et al.  High‐Frequency Acoustical Reverberation from a Rough‐Sea Surface , 1964 .

[29]  W. Meecham,et al.  On the use of the Kirchhoff approximation for the solution of reflection problems , 1956 .

[30]  D. Maystre,et al.  Sur la diffraction d'une onde plane par un reseau infiniment conducteur , 1971 .

[31]  H. W. Marsh.  Exact Solution of Wave Scattering by Irregular Surfaces , 1956 .

[32]  C. S. Clay.  Fluctuations of Sound Reflected from the Sea Surface , 1960 .

[33]  William C. Meecham,et al.  Variational Method for the Calculation of the Distribution of Energy Reflected from a Periodic Surface. I. , 1956 .

[34]  R. P. Chapman,et al.  Surface Backscattering Strengths Measured with Explosive Sound Sources , 1962 .

[35]  C. W. Horton,et al.  Model Studies on the Scattering of Acoustic Waves from a Rough Surface , 1967 .

[36]  L. W.,et al.  The Theory of Sound , 1898, Nature.