Impacts of Multiple Stressors

The ocean faces a multitude of interconnected threats that is unprecedented in modern human history. All regions of the ocean stand to be impacted by multiple stressors in the near future, while over 40% of marine ecosystems are already simultaneously facing several of the six major pressures outlined in this book. The need to understand the complex interactions and potentially cumulative effects of multiple stressors is one of the most pressing issues in marine ecology today. This chapter aims to take a holistic perspective on what happens when the threats to the global ocean described in the previous chapters interact with each other, to convey a clear picture of where multiple threats are manifesting globally, regionally, or locally, or whether their effects are antagonistic or synergistic.

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