Carbon nanofibres produced from electrospun cellulose nanofibres

Cellulose nanofibres have been fabricated by electrospinning of a cellulose acetate solution followed by deacetylation. The cellulose nanofibres were then carbonized using temperatures in the range 800-2200 degrees C and the resulting carbon nanofibres (CNFs) were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. A graphitic structure was observed for CNFs treated at a relatively low temperature of 1500 degrees C, with no obvious skin-core heterogeneity observed for fibres treated up to 2200 degrees C, suggesting a possible advantage of using nano-scale precursors. The effective Young's modulus of the CNFs was assessed using an in situ Raman spectroscopic technique following the shift in the position of the G' (2D) band located at similar to 2660 cm(-1) and relating this to a calibration established for a range of other carbon fibres. Using this approach the moduli of the CNFs were found to be similar to 60 and similar to 100 GPa for samples carbonized at 1500 and 2200 degrees C, respectively. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[1]  S. Eichhorn,et al.  Production of carbon fibres from a pyrolysed and graphitised liquid crystalline cellulose fibre precursor , 2012, Journal of Materials Science.

[2]  Y. Kaburagi,et al.  Full width at half maximum intensity of the G band in the first order Raman spectrum of carbon material as a parameter for graphitization , 2006 .

[3]  Feiyu Kang,et al.  Carbon Nanofibers Prepared via Electrospinning , 2012, Advanced materials.

[4]  M. Márquez,et al.  Structural studies of electrospun cellulose nanofibers , 2006 .

[5]  Darrell H. Reneker,et al.  Development of carbon nanofibers from aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber bundles and characterization of their microstructural, electrical, and mechanical properties , 2009 .

[6]  P. Gatenholm,et al.  Biomimetic calcium phosphate crystal mineralization on electrospun cellulose-based scaffolds. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[7]  H. Fong,et al.  Graphitic carbon nanofibers developed from bundles of aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers containing phosphoric acid , 2010 .

[8]  F. Tuinstra,et al.  Raman Spectrum of Graphite , 1970 .

[9]  R. Pailler,et al.  Conversion of cellulosic fibres into carbon fibres: a study of the mechanical properties and correlation with chemical structure , 2001 .

[10]  R. Young,et al.  Effect of fibre microstructure upon the modulus of PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibres , 1995 .

[11]  B. Stansfield,et al.  Classifying nanostructured carbons using graphitic indices derived from Raman spectra , 2010 .

[12]  Eyal Zussman,et al.  Mechanical and structural characterization of electrospun PAN-derived carbon nanofibers , 2005 .

[13]  J. Robertson,et al.  Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon , 2000 .

[14]  Seeram Ramakrishna,et al.  Electrospun cellulose nanofiber as affinity membrane , 2005 .

[15]  J. Santiago-Avilés,et al.  Raman characterization of carbon nanofibers prepared using electrospinning , 2003 .

[16]  M. Naraghi,et al.  Strong carbon nanofibers from electrospun polyacrylonitrile , 2011 .

[17]  Hui-li Shao,et al.  Lyocell fibers as the precursor of carbon fibers , 2003 .

[18]  A. B. Fuertes,et al.  Graphitic carbon nanostructures from cellulose , 2010 .

[19]  Investigation into the deformation of carbon nanotubes and their composites through the use of Raman spectroscopy , 2001 .

[20]  A. Windle,et al.  Carbon fibres from cellulosic precursors: a review , 2012, Journal of Materials Science.

[21]  S. Eichhorn,et al.  The effective Young's modulus of carbon nanotubes in composites. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[22]  K. D. de Jong,et al.  Carbon Nanofibers: Catalytic Synthesis and Applications , 2000 .

[23]  Cordt Zollfrank,et al.  Decomposition and carbonisation of wood biopolymers—a microstructural study of softwood pyrolysis , 2005 .

[24]  John Robertson,et al.  Resonant Raman spectroscopy of disordered, amorphous, and diamondlike carbon , 2001 .

[25]  R. Brown,et al.  Microfibrillar carbon from native cellulose , 2004 .

[26]  Lei Gong,et al.  Interfacial Stress Transfer in a Graphene Monolayer Nanocomposite , 2010, Advanced materials.

[27]  Chan Kim,et al.  Electrochemical characterization of electrospun activated carbon nanofibres as an electrode in supercapacitors , 2005 .

[28]  M. Wada,et al.  Graphitization of highly crystalline cellulose , 2001 .

[29]  M. Tang,et al.  Carbonization of cellulose fibers—I. Low temperature pyrolysis , 1964 .

[30]  Nakamura,et al.  Disorder-induced line broadening in first-order Raman scattering from graphite. , 1990, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[31]  P. Lu,et al.  Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced cellulose fibers by electrospinning. , 2010, ACS applied materials & interfaces.