Time students spend working at home for school

Abstract The paper presents three studies which deal with the time students spend working at home for school. In addition, the paper focuses on the distribution of time investment over the course of a week and on the relationship between academic achievement and time spent working at home for school. In sum, 824 students with an average age of 15 years participated in the studies. Data collection was done using diaries. Data equivocally show that students invest on the average 11.7 h per week in work done at home for school. Girls spend more time than boys. Over the course of a school week, systematic fluctuations in time spent working at home for school could be observed. Application of Configural Frequency Analyses identified gender as the moderating variable in the relationship between time investment and scholastic achievement.

[1]  Herbert J. Walberg,et al.  Psychological Models of Educational Performance: A Theoretical Synthesis of Constructs , 1983 .

[2]  T. Keith,et al.  Homework works at school: National evidence for policy changes. , 1985 .

[3]  Lars R. Bergman,et al.  Studying Individual Development in an Interindividual Context: A Person-Oriented Approach , 2002 .

[4]  Ulrich Trautwein,et al.  The Relationship Between Homework and Achievement—Still Much of a Mystery , 2003 .

[5]  Jeffrey C. Valentine,et al.  Relationships between five after-school activities and academic achievement. , 1999 .

[6]  Timothy Z. Keith,et al.  Time spent on homework and high school grades: A large-sample path analysis , 1982 .

[7]  Alexander von Eye,et al.  Configural Frequency Analysis , 2005 .

[8]  Ralph Reimann,et al.  Is research on gender‐specific underachievement in gifted girls an obsolete topic? New findings on an often discussed issue , 2004 .

[9]  D. Magnusson,et al.  Human development : an interactional perspective , 1983 .

[10]  J. Carroll A Model of School Learning , 1963, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[11]  P. Tymms,et al.  Homework and Attainment in Primary Schools , 1999 .

[12]  Ellen A. Skinner,et al.  Perceived control, effort, and academic performance: Interindividual, intraindividual, and multivariate time-series analyses. , 1993 .

[13]  Harris Cooper,et al.  Homework and achievement: Explaining the different strengths of relation at the elementary and secondary school levels , 1999 .

[14]  D. Wiley,et al.  The Teaching—Learning Process in Elementary Schools: A Synoptic View , 1976 .

[15]  T. E. Smith Time and academic achievement , 1990, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[16]  V. Cool,et al.  Testing a model of school learning: Direct and indirect effects on academic achievement☆ , 1991 .

[17]  Wie lange arbeiten Kinder zu Hause für die Schule , 2002 .

[18]  W. Hagborg A Study of Homework Time of a High School Sample , 1991 .

[19]  Jianzhong Xu,et al.  Gender and Homework Management Reported by High School Students , 2006 .

[20]  Jeffrey C. Valentine,et al.  Using Research to Answer Practical Questions About Homework , 2001 .

[21]  P. Tymms,et al.  The relationship of homework to A‐level results , 1992 .

[22]  Andrew J. Fuligni,et al.  Time Use and Mathematics Achievement among American, Chinese, and Japanese High School Students , 1995 .

[23]  Harris Cooper,et al.  Relationships among attitudes about homework, amount of homework assigned and completed, and student achievement , 1998 .

[24]  Wer hilft beim Lernen für die Schule , 2005 .

[25]  T. Nettelbeck,et al.  The Relationship Between IQ, Homework, Aspirations and Academic Achievement for Chinese, Vietnamese and Anglo-Celtic Australian School Children , 2002 .

[26]  Klaus D. Kubinger,et al.  Schlüsselbegriffe der psychologischen Diagnostik , 2008 .

[27]  Ulrich Trautwein,et al.  Do Homework Assignments Enhance Achievement? A Multilevel Analysis in 7th-Grade Mathematics , 2002 .

[28]  B. Bloom Human Characteristics and School Learning , 1979 .

[29]  J. Daniel House,et al.  Instructional Practices and Mathematics Achievement of Adolescent Students in Chinese Taipei: Results from the TIMSS 1999 Assessment , 2002 .

[30]  P. Fehrmann,et al.  Parental Involvement, Homework, and TV Time: Direct and Indirect Effects on High School Achievement , 1986 .

[31]  Jürgen Baumert,et al.  Learners for Life. Student Approaches to Learning. Results from PISA 2000. , 2003 .

[32]  Homework Practices of General Education Teachers , 1994, Journal of learning disabilities.

[33]  T. Keith,et al.  Effects of Manipulable Influences on High School Grades Across Five Ethnic Groups , 1992 .

[34]  Anthony S. Bryk,et al.  Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods , 1992 .

[35]  Homework and Student Math Achievement in Junior High Schools , 2000 .