Detection of changes in luminance distributions.

How well can observers detect the presence of a change in luminance distributions? Performance was measured in three experiments. Observers viewed pairs of grayscale images on a calibrated CRT display. Each image was a checkerboard. All luminances in one image of each pair consisted of random draws from a single probability distribution. For the other image, some patch luminances consisted of random draws from that same distribution, while the rest of the patch luminances (test patches) consisted of random draws from a second distribution. The observers' task was to pick the image with luminances drawn from two distributions. The parameters of the second distribution that led to 75% correct performance were determined across manipulations of (1) the number of test patches, (2) the observers' certainty about test patch location, and (3) the geometric structure of the images. Performance improved with number of test patches and location certainty. The geometric manipulations did not affect performance. An ideal observer model with high efficiency fit the data well and a classification image analysis showed a similar use of information by the ideal and human observers, indicating that observers can make effective use of photometric information in our distribution discrimination task.

[1]  Miguel P Eckstein,et al.  Classification images for detection, contrast discrimination, and identification tasks with a common ideal observer. , 2006, Journal of vision.

[2]  H. Levitt.  Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. , 1971, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[3]  Michael S. Landy,et al.  Visual perception of texture , 2002 .

[4]  D. Knill,et al.  Apparent surface curvature affects lightness perception , 1991, Nature.

[5]  D. Todorović.  Lightness and Junctions , 1997, Perception.

[6]  D. Foster,et al.  Relational color constancy in achromatic and isoluminant images. , 2000, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[7]  David H Brainard,et al.  Surface color perception and equivalent illumination models. , 2011, Journal of vision.

[8]  R. Shapley,et al.  Brightness induction by local contrast and the spatial dependence of assimilation , 1988, Vision Research.

[9]  B. Spehar,et al.  Brightness Induction from Uniform and Complex Surrounds: A General Model , 1996, Vision Research.

[10]  L. Chalupa,et al.  The visual neurosciences , 2004 .

[11]  Robert A Lutfi,et al.  Informational masking in hearing-impaired and normal-hearing listeners: sensation level and decision weights. , 2004, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[12]  J. Beck,et al.  Apparent spatial arrangement and perceived brightness. , 1954, Journal of experimental psychology.

[13]  D. Todorović,et al.  Adjacency and surroundedness in the depth effect on lightness. , 2010, Journal of vision.

[14]  M. Gazzaniga.  The new cognitive neurosciences, 2nd ed. , 2000 .

[15]  A. Gilchrist,et al.  An anchoring theory of lightness perception. , 1999 .

[16]  David H. Foster,et al.  An operational approach to colour constancy , 1992, Vision Research.

[17]  B. Anderson.  A Theory of Illusory Lightness and Transparency in Monocular and Binocular Images: The Role of Contour Junctions , 1997, Perception.

[18]  E. Adelson.  Perceptual organization and the judgment of brightness. , 1993, Science.

[19]  F. Metelli.  Stimulation and perception of transparency , 1985, Psychological research.

[20]  Richard F Murray,et al.  Optimal methods for calculating classification images: weighted sums. , 2002, Journal of vision.

[21]  J. Todd,et al.  The visual light field Perception , 2007 .

[22]  J. Cohen,et al.  Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulas , 1968 .

[23]  Gunther Wyszecki,et al.  Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae, 2nd Edition , 2000 .

[24]  K. Noguchi,et al.  The relationship between perceived surface-lightness and perceived illumination , 1976, Psychological research.

[25]  Ludwig. Kardos,et al.  Ding und Schatten : eine experimentelle untersuchung über die Grundlagen des Farbensehens , 1934 .

[26]  Felix Wichmann,et al.  The psychometric function: II. Bootstrap-based confidence intervals and sampling , 2001, Perception & psychophysics.

[27]  Robin E. Hauck,et al.  Measurements of the effect of surface slant on perceived lightness. , 2004, Journal of vision.

[28]  H. Barlow.  The absolute efficiency of perceptual decisions. , 1980, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[29]  J. Beck.  Stimulus correlates for the judged illumination of a surface. , 1959, Journal of experimental psychology.

[30]  A. Ahumada,et al.  Stimulus Features in Signal Detection , 1971 .

[31]  L. Maloney,et al.  The effect of perceived surface orientation on perceived surface albedo in binocularly viewed scenes. , 2003, Journal of vision.

[32]  P. Bennett,et al.  Deriving behavioural receptive fields for visually completed contours , 2000, Current Biology.

[33]  David J. Field,et al.  Contour integration by the human visual system: Evidence for a local “association field” , 1993, Vision Research.

[34]  Aapo Hyvärinen,et al.  Visual Features Underlying Perceived Brightness as Revealed by Classification Images , 2009, PloS one.

[35]  Miguel P Eckstein,et al.  Spatial profiles of local and nonlocal effects upon contrast detection/discrimination from classification images. , 2005, Journal of vision.

[36]  A. Gilchrist,et al.  When does perceived lightness depend on perceived spatial arrangement? , 1980, Perception & psychophysics.

[37]  Richard I. Ivry,et al.  The perception of transparency with achromatic colors , 1984, Perception & psychophysics.

[38]  Tadasu Oyama,et al.  STIMULUS DETERMINANTS OF BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY AND THE PERCEPTION OF ILLUMINATION , 1968 .

[39]  Edward H. Adelson,et al.  Recovering reflectance and illumination in a world of painted polyhedra , 1993, 1993 (4th) International Conference on Computer Vision.

[40]  J. Beck,et al.  Judgments of surface illumination and lightness. , 1961, Journal of experimental psychology.

[41]  D. Brainard,et al.  PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article LIGHTNESS CONSTANCY: A Direct Test of the Illumination-Estimation Hypothesis , 2022 .

[42]  J. Koenderink,et al.  Perception of Illumination Direction in Images of 3-D Convex Objects: Influence of Surface Materials and Light Fields , 2006, Perception.

[43]  K. Koffka.  Principles Of Gestalt Psychology , 1936 .

[44]  E. Adelson.  Lightness Perception and Lightness Illusions , 1999 .

[45]  Ishihara Shinobu,et al.  Ishihara's tests for colour deficiency : the series of plates designed as a test for colour deficiency , 1999 .

[46]  Ana Radonjić,et al.  Functional frameworks of illumination revealed by probe disk technique. , 2010, Journal of vision.

[47]  Laurence T Maloney,et al.  Estimating changes in lighting direction in binocularly viewed three-dimensional scenes. , 2010, Journal of vision.

[48]  Laurence T Maloney,et al.  Detection of light transformations and concomitant changes in surface albedo. , 2010, Journal of vision.

[49]  A. Gilchrist.  Perceived lightness depends on perceived spatial arrangement. , 1977, Science.

[50]  Naoe Masuda,et al.  BRIGHTNESS CHANGES IN A COMPLEX FIELD WITH CHANGING ILLUMINATION:A RE-EXAMINATION OF JAMESON AND HURVICH'S STUDY OF BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY , 1971 .

[51]  David H Brainard,et al.  Color and material perception: achievements and challenges. , 2010, Journal of vision.

[52]  Wilson S. Geisler,et al.  The physical limits of grating visibility , 1987, Vision Research.

[53]  Jonathan Winawer,et al.  Image segmentation and lightness perception , 2005, Nature.

[54]  K. Noguchi,et al.  Perceptual scission of surface-lightness and illumination: An examination of the gelb effect , 1985, Psychological research.

[55]  Sylvia C Pont,et al.  The Visual Light Field , 2007, Perception.

[56]  Manish Singh,et al.  Toward a perceptual theory of transparency. , 2002, Psychological review.