Embedded state of charge and state of health estimator based on Kalman filter for electric scooter battery management system

This article is about a state of charge (SOC) and the state of health (SOH) estimator designed for a battery management system (BMS). It was applied on a 48V lead-acid battery pack of an electrical scooter. A software Kalman based SOC sensor has been developed using a PIC microcontroller, by using a relatively simple battery model, combined with Kalman filter algorithm. The SOC has been estimated online (in real time) and displayed consequently on a low consumption LCD screen.

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