Technologies for Balancing Electrical Energy and Power

Having discussed the need for balancing electrical energy and power with additional technologies that can provide load adaption, transport of electricity from abroad, or storage of electricity, the following chapter provides an overview of technological options. Section 5.1 develops a classification scheme. Individual technologies are discussed in Sects. 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4, following the differentiation of “storage” technologies providing ways from “electricity to electricity”, “electricity to anything” and “anything to electricity”. Section 5.5 summarises options for demand response and demand-side management, including the bundling of individual technologies. The analysis in Sect. 5.6 reveals the life cycle costs of individual storage technologies. These are discussed in the context of different specific tasks involved in balancing energy and power. A central requirement for a system with a high penetration of renewable electricity suppliers and balancing capabilities is the viability of various technologies. Therefore, Sect. 5.7 analyses, to the extent possible, the future viability of relevant technologies. The environmental effects, resource use and system characteristics according to the indicators derived in Sect. 2.2 are considered.

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