The application of cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with schizophrenia: A review

The aim of this review is to explore the clinical nursing application of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with schizophrenia. A literature search was conducted using the CINAHL and MEDLINE databases. The database search occurred during the month of December 2022. This article comprehensively summarizes the theoretical basis of CBT in improving schizophrenia in clinical nursing, its application in managing symptoms and improving social function, as well as research progress in this field. There are still inconsistencies in the research results on CBT, but overall, psychological intervention combined with drug treatment is more effective than conventional treatment alone. If social function training can be added at the same time, it is believed that it will have better effects on clinical treatment and can maintain long-lasting effectiveness. Only in this way can patients truly understand and recognize the disease, improve treatment compliance, and ultimately achieve the goal of improving prognosis and quality of life.

[1]  T. Furukawa,et al.  Psychosocial and psychological interventions for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. , 2021, The lancet. Psychiatry.

[2]  K. Sim,et al.  Cerebral white matter changes in deficit and non-deficit subtypes of schizophrenia , 2020, Journal of Neural Transmission.

[3]  I. Melle,et al.  Cognitive behavior therapy in early psychosis with a focus on depression and low self-esteem: A randomized controlled trial. , 2019, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[4]  J. Patmore,et al.  Cultural considerations for treating Hispanic patients with eating disorders: A case study illustrating the effectiveness of CBT in reducing bulimia nervosa symptoms in a Latina patient. , 2019, Journal of clinical psychology.

[5]  S. Yeşilyurt,et al.  Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy Programs for Schizophrenia: Results of a Short-Term Randomized Control Trial , 2019, Community Mental Health Journal.

[6]  J. Nordgaard,et al.  First-rank symptoms and self-disorders in schizophrenia , 2019, Schizophrenia Research.

[7]  M. Palermo,et al.  Treatment-Resistant to Antipsychotics: A Resistance to Everything? Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia and Nonaffective Psychosis: A 25-Year Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis , 2019, Front. Psychiatry.

[8]  A. Malhotra,et al.  Schizophrenia polygenic risk score and 20-year course of illness in psychotic disorders , 2019, bioRxiv.

[9]  Jue Chen,et al.  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Plus Standard Care Versus Standard Care Plus Other Psychosocial Treatments for People With Schizophrenia , 2019, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[10]  P. McKenna,et al.  CBT for schizophrenia: a critical viewpoint , 2019, Psychological Medicine.

[11]  E. Rolls,et al.  Multi-scale analysis of schizophrenia risk genes, brain structure, and clinical symptoms reveals integrative clues for subtyping schizophrenia patients , 2018, Journal of molecular cell biology.

[12]  E. Granholm,et al.  Neurocognitive and theory of mind deficits and poor social competence in schizophrenia: The moderating role of social disinterest attitudes , 2018, Psychiatry Research.

[13]  Steven C.R. Williams,et al.  Using fMRI and machine learning to predict symptom improvement following cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis , 2018, NeuroImage: Clinical.

[14]  C. Jackson,et al.  Cognitive behavioural therapy in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia (FOCUS): an assessor-blinded, randomised controlled trial , 2018, The lancet. Psychiatry.

[15]  P. McKenna,et al.  Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for schizophrenia - outcomes for functioning, distress and quality of life: a meta-analysis , 2018, BMC Psychology.

[16]  A. Rossi,et al.  Premorbid academic and social functioning in patients with schizophrenia and its associations with negative symptoms and cognition , 2018, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[17]  M. Bell,et al.  A randomized controlled trial examining a cognitive behavioral therapy intervention enhanced with cognitive remediation to improve work and neurocognition outcomes among persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders , 2018, Schizophrenia Research.

[18]  E. Granholm,et al.  Improvement in Negative Symptoms and Functioning in Cognitive-Behavioral Social Skills Training for Schizophrenia: Mediation by Defeatist Performance Attitudes and Asocial Beliefs , 2018, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[19]  Sujita Kumar Kar,et al.  Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia: Understanding the Biological Correlates and Remediation Strategies , 2018, Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology.

[20]  A. Aleman,et al.  Secondary negative symptoms — A review of mechanisms, assessment and treatment , 2017, Schizophrenia Research.

[21]  P. Llorca,et al.  Evaluation of adherence patterns in schizophrenia using electronic monitoring (MEMS®): A six-month post-discharge prospective study , 2017, Schizophrenia Research.

[22]  F. Matcham,et al.  A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of e-Mental Health Interventions to Treat Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress , 2017, JMIR mental health.

[23]  A. Morrison.  A manualised treatment protocol to guide delivery of evidence-based cognitive therapy for people with distressing psychosis: learning from clinical trials , 2017 .

[24]  M. Anczewska,et al.  Disability and recovery in schizophrenia: a systematic review of cognitive behavioral therapy interventions , 2016, BMC Psychiatry.

[25]  Michelle P. Salyers,et al.  Additional support for the cognitive model of schizophrenia: evidence of elevated defeatist beliefs in schizotypy. , 2016, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[26]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Impact of cognitive and social cognitive impairment on functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. , 2016, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[27]  K. Song,et al.  The Relationship between Clinical Outcome in Subarachnoidal Hemorrhage Patients with Emergency Medical Service Usage and Interhospital Transfer , 2015, Journal of Korean medical science.

[28]  D. Strunk,et al.  Therapist use of Socratic questioning predicts session-to-session symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression. , 2015, Behaviour research and therapy.

[29]  David L. Roberts,et al.  A randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive behavior therapy, cognitive adaptation training, their combination and treatment as usual in chronic schizophrenia. , 2015, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[30]  D. Kingdon,et al.  Cognitive–behavioural therapy for patients with schizophrenia: a multicentre randomized controlled trial in Beijing, China , 2014, Psychological Medicine.

[31]  G. Dunn,et al.  An early Phase II randomised controlled trial testing the effect on persecutory delusions of using CBT to reduce negative cognitions about the self: The potential benefits of enhancing self confidence , 2014, Schizophrenia Research.

[32]  E. Granholm,et al.  The role of dysfunctional attitudes in models of negative symptoms and functioning in schizophrenia , 2014, Schizophrenia Research.

[33]  C. Brenner,et al.  Cognitive-behavioral therapy for medication-resistant psychosis: a meta-analytic review. , 2014, Psychiatric services.

[34]  J. Jenner,et al.  Psychological Therapies for Auditory Hallucinations (Voices): Current Status and Key Directions for Future Research , 2014, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[35]  J. Lind,et al.  Chronic nicotine improves short‐term memory selectively in a G72 mouse model of schizophrenia , 2014, British journal of pharmacology.

[36]  R. Murray,et al.  Reappraising the long-term course and outcome of psychotic disorders: the AESOP-10 study , 2014, Psychological Medicine.

[37]  J. Veijola,et al.  A systematic review and meta-analysis of recovery in schizophrenia. , 2013, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[38]  Daniel R. Weinberger,et al.  The global cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: Consistent over decades and around the world , 2013, Schizophrenia Research.

[39]  A. Staring,et al.  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for negative symptoms (CBT-n) in psychotic disorders: a pilot study. , 2013, Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.

[40]  N. Andreasen,et al.  Progressive brain changes in schizophrenia related to antipsychotic treatment? A meta-analysis of longitudinal MRI studies , 2013, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[41]  Tore C. Stiles,et al.  Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychotic Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial , 2013, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[42]  Eske M Derks,et al.  The treatment of hallucinations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. , 2012, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[43]  A. Beck,et al.  Randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive therapy for low-functioning patients with schizophrenia. , 2012, Archives of general psychiatry.

[44]  P. Moberg,et al.  Neuropsychological performance in older patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. , 2011, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[45]  W. Rief,et al.  Negative symptoms and social cognition: identifying targets for psychological interventions. , 2011, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[46]  D. Ffytche,et al.  Neural changes following cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis: a longitudinal study. , 2011, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[47]  Helen Christensen,et al.  Systematic review of school-based prevention and early intervention programs for depression. , 2010, Journal of adolescence.

[48]  M. Mugford,et al.  Cognitive behaviour therapy for improving social recovery in psychosis: a report from the ISREP MRC Trial Platform study (Improving Social Recovery in Early Psychosis) , 2009, Psychological Medicine.

[49]  Robert Howard,et al.  The cognitive and affective structure of paranoid delusions: a transdiagnostic investigation of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depression. , 2009, Archives of general psychiatry.

[50]  T. Furukawa,et al.  Psychotherapy for depression among children and adolescents: a systematic review , 2007, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[51]  J. Lieberman,et al.  Effects of antipsychotic medications on psychosocial functioning in patients with chronic schizophrenia: findings from the NIMH CATIE study. , 2007, The American journal of psychiatry.

[52]  Philip D. Harvey,et al.  Cognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia , 2006, Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment.

[53]  T. Bradshaw,et al.  Group cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia: a systematic review of the literature. , 2006, Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing.

[54]  A. Beck,et al.  Cognitive-behavioral therapy for schizophrenia: a review. , 2006, Journal of psychiatric practice.

[55]  A. Abdel-Baki,et al.  Schizophrénie et psychothérapies cognitivo-comportementales , 2001 .

[56]  A. Beck,et al.  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Schizophrenia: An Empirical Review Neil A. Rector, PhD and Aaron T. Beck, MD (2001). Reprinted from the J Nerv Ment Dis 189:278–287 , 2001, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[57]  D. Castle,et al.  A Cognitive-Behavioural, Group-Based Intervention for Social Anxiety in Schizophrenia , 2000, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[58]  W. Carpenter,et al.  Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. , 1988, The American journal of psychiatry.

[59]  T. Crow,et al.  Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? , 1980, British medical journal.

[60]  T. McGlashan,et al.  The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review. , 2013, JAMA psychiatry.

[61]  A. Beck,et al.  The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. , 2006, Clinical psychology review.