Pharmacologic and anti‐IgE treatment of allergic rhinitis ARIA update (in collaboration with GA2LEN)

The pharmacologic treatment of allergic rhinitis proposed by ARIA is an evidence‐based and step‐wise approach based on the classification of the symptoms. The ARIA workshop, held in December 1999, published a report in 2001 and new information has subsequently been published. The initial ARIA document lacked some important information on several issues. This document updates the ARIA sections on the pharmacologic and anti‐IgE treatments of allergic rhinitis. Literature published between January 2000 and December 2004 has been included. Only a few studies assessing nasal and non‐nasal symptoms are presented as these will be discussed in a separate document.

R. Dubakiene | Todor A Popov | B. Yawn | J. Kemp | P. Howarth | J. Bousquet | C. Bachert | C. Baena-Cagnani | G. Canonica | P. Demoly | K. Ohta | Á. Cruz | R. Lockey | K. Carlsen | S. Durham | W. Fokkens | J. Mullol | R. Naclerio | N. Papadopoulos | G. Passalacqua | R. Pawankar | F. Simons | E. Valovirta | O. Yusuf | J. Bouchard | A. Custovic | B. Lipworth | S. Mavale-Manuel | E. Meltzer | K. Nékám | T. Popov | D. Price | G. Scadding | P. Van cauwenberge | M. Kowalski | V. Kvedarienė | V. Lund | R. Dubakiene | D-Y Wang | P. Potter | C. Bachert | A. Custovic | P. Demoly | V. Kvedariene | J. Mullol | K. Nekam | G. Passalacqua | D. Price | E. Valovirta | J. Bousquet | K. Ohta | P. Van Cauwenberge | N. Aït Khaled | C. E. Baena‐Cagnani | J. Bouchard | C. Bunnag | G. W. Canonica | K.‐H. Carlsen | Y.‐Z. Chen | A. A. Cruz | S. Durham | W. Fokkens | P. Howarth | J. Kemp | M. L. Kowalski | B. Lipworth | R. Lockey | V. Lund | S. Mavale‐Manuel | E. O. Meltzer | R. Naclerio | N. Papadopoulos | R. Pawankar | T. Popov | P. Potter | G. Scadding | F. E. R. Simons | V. Spicak | D.‐Y. Wang | B. Yawn | O. Yusuf | C. Bunnag | V. Špičák | Y. Chen | N. Aït Khaled | Claus Bachert | P. V. van Cauwenberge | P. V. Cauwenberge | G. W. Canonica | Peter H. Howarth | P. Demoly | J. Mullol | C. Bachert | N. G. Papadopoulos | J. Bousquet | Adnan Custovic | N. A. Khaled | Jacques Bouchard | Kai-Håkon Carlsen | Ying Chen | Alvaro A. Cruz | Stephen R. Durham | Stephen F. Kemp | M. Kowalski | B. J. Lipworth | Valerie J. Lund | Eli O. Meltzer | Ken'ichi Ohta | Giovanni Passalacqua | P. C. Potter | David Price | F. E. R. Simons | Barbara P. Yawn | Eli O. Meltzer | Álvaro A. Cruz | K. Ohta | K. Carlsen | P. Howarth | B. Lipworth | B. P. Yawn

[1]  A. Harris,et al.  Effect of desloratadine versus placebo on nasal airflow and subjective measures of nasal obstruction in subjects with grass pollen-induced allergic rhinitis in an allergen-exposure unit. , 2002, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[2]  Hollingworth,et al.  Dose‐related efficacy and tolerability of fluticasone propionate nasal drops 400 μg once daily and twice daily in the treatment of bilateral nasal polyposis: a placebo‐controlled randomized study in adult patients , 2000, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[3]  M. Verbaten,et al.  Acute and subchronic effects of levocetirizine and diphenhydramine on memory functioning, psychomotor performance, and mood. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[4]  F. Simons,et al.  Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[5]  C. Picado,et al.  Rupatadine 10 mg and ebastine 10 mg in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a comparison study , 2004, Allergy.

[6]  M. Malice,et al.  Montelukast for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial performed in the spring , 2002, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[7]  L. Boulet,et al.  Efficacy and tolerability of anti‐immunoglobulin E therapy with omalizumab in patients with concomitant allergic asthma and persistent allergic rhinitis: SOLAR , 2004, Allergy.

[8]  Q. Hamid,et al.  Intrasinus Administration of Topical Budesonide to Allergic Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis Following Surgery , 2002, The Laryngoscope.

[9]  M. Verbaten,et al.  Driving ability after acute and sub-chronic administration of levocetirizine and diphenhydramine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial , 2003, Psychopharmacology.

[10]  Huiyuan Ya Advances in H1-antihistamines , 2006 .

[11]  O. Noga,et al.  Omalizumab inhibits allergen challenge-induced nasal response , 2004, European Respiratory Journal.

[12]  Yao-Hsu Yang,et al.  A double-blind, placebo-controlled, and randomized study of loratadine (Clarityne) syrup for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children aged 3 to 12 years. , 2001, Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology.

[13]  N. Martinelli,et al.  Randomized placebo‐controlled trial comparing fluticasone aqueous nasal spray in mono‐therapy, fluticasone plus cetirizine, fluticasone plus montelukast and cetirizine plus montelukast for seasonal allergic rhinitis , 2004 .

[14]  I. Hindmarch,et al.  The Acute and Sub-chronic Effects of Levocetirizine, Cetirizine, Loratadine, Promethazine and Placebo on Cognitive Function, Psychomotor Performance, and Weal and Flare , 2001, Current medical research and opinion.

[15]  P. Potter,et al.  Effects of triamcinolone on quality of life in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis. , 2003, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[16]  A. Harris,et al.  Comparison of the effects of desloratadine 5‐mg daily and placebo on nasal airflow and seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms induced by grass pollen exposure , 2003, Allergy.

[17]  R. Clement,et al.  Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of desloratadine and fexofenadine when coadministered with azithromycin: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. , 2001, Clinical therapeutics.

[18]  B. Lipworth,et al.  Effects of monotherapy with intra‐nasal corticosteroid or combined oral histamine and leukotriene receptor antagonists in seasonal allergic rhinitis , 2001, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[19]  E. Meltzer,et al.  Detection of growth suppression in children during treatment with intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate. , 2000, Pediatrics.

[20]  S J Zinreich,et al.  Added relief in the treatment of acute recurrent sinusitis with adjunctive mometasone furoate nasal spray. The Nasonex Sinusitis Group. , 2000, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[21]  B. Prillaman,et al.  Concurrent use of intranasal and orally inhaled fluticasone propionate does not affect hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis function. , 2004, Allergy and asthma proceedings.

[22]  M. Malice,et al.  Randomized controlled trial evaluating the clinical benefit of montelukast for treating spring seasonal allergic rhinitis. , 2003, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[23]  J. Krouse,et al.  The Effects of Montelukast on Intradermal Wheal and Flare , 2003, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[24]  W. Fokkens,et al.  Budesonide aqueous nasal spray is an effective treatment in children with perennial allergic rhinitis, with an onset of action within 12 hours. , 2002, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[25]  T. Sandström,et al.  The effect of omalizumab on nasal allergic inflammation. , 2002, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[26]  B. Lipworth,et al.  Effects of topical corticosteroid and combined mediator blockade on domiciliary and laboratory measurements of nasal function in seasonal allergic rhinitis. , 2001, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[27]  Potter Pc Levocetirizine is effective for symptom relief including nasal congestion in adolescent and adult (PAR) sensitized to house dust mites. , 2003 .

[28]  E. F. Sherertz,et al.  Contact allergy to corticosteroids in patients using inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis or asthma. , 2001, American journal of contact dermatitis : official journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society.

[29]  J. Bousquet,et al.  Levocetirizine improves quality of life and reduces costs in long-term management of persistent allergic rhinitis. , 2004, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[30]  S. Gawchik,et al.  Relief of cough and nasal symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis by mometasone furoate nasal spray. , 2003, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[31]  K. Simons,et al.  Suppression of the early and late cutaneous allergic responses using fexofenadine and montelukast. , 2001, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[32]  K. Nolop,et al.  Once-daily mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler in the treatment of patients with persistent asthma. , 2000, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[33]  N. Rabinovitch,et al.  Effect of budesonide aqueous nasal spray on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in children with allergic rhinitis. , 2004, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[34]  A. Assandri,et al.  Clinical Study of the Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Emedastine Difumarate versus Terfenadine in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis , 2004, Arzneimittelforschung.

[35]  K. Bergmann,et al.  Efficacy of combination treatment with anti-IgE plus specific immunotherapy in polysensitized children and adolescents with seasonal allergic rhinitis. , 2002, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[36]  R. Leurs,et al.  H1‐antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti‐inflammatory actions and cardiac effects , 2002, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[37]  V. Chinchilli,et al.  The effect of topical nasal fluticasone on objective sleep testing and the symptoms of rhinitis, sleep, and daytime somnolence in perennial allergic rhinitis. , 2003, Allergy and asthma proceedings.

[38]  I. Hindmarch,et al.  The Effects of Single and Repeated Administration of Ebastine on Cognition and Psychomotor Performance in Comparison to Triprolidine and Placebo in Healthy Volunteers , 2001, Current medical research and opinion.

[39]  M. Nichol,et al.  The economic impact of payer policies after the Rx-to-OTC switch of second-generation antihistamines. , 2004, Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

[40]  R. Fink,et al.  Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function after inhaled corticosteroids: unreliability of urinary free cortisol estimation. , 2002, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[41]  E. Meltzer,et al.  Montelukast improves symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis over a 4‐week treatment period , 2003, Allergy.

[42]  E. F. P. M. Vuurman,et al.  Effects of desloratadine, diphenhydramine, and placebo on driving performance and psychomotor performance measurements , 2004, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[43]  H. Arai,et al.  Differential cognitive effects of ebastine and (+)-chlorpheniramine in healthy subjects: correlation between cognitive impairment and plasma drug concentration. , 2002, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[44]  G. Passalacqua,et al.  Long-term cetirizine treatment reduces allergic symptoms and drug prescriptions in children with mite allergy. , 2001, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[45]  A. Togias,et al.  Omalizumab-induced reductions in mast cell Fce psilon RI expression and function. , 2004, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[46]  V. Lund,et al.  Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide aqueous nasal spray in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. , 2004, Rhinology.

[47]  B. Lipworth,et al.  Effects of fexofenadine and desloratadine on subjective and objective measures of nasal congestion in seasonal allergic rhinitis , 2002, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[48]  F. Horak,et al.  Controlled Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Cetirizine 10 mg o.d. and Fexofenadine 120 mg o.d. in Reducing Symptoms of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis , 2001, International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.

[49]  J. Gandon,et al.  Lack of effect of single and repeated doses of levocetirizine, a new antihistamine drug, on cognitive and psychomotor functions in healthy volunteers. , 2002, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[50]  W. Berger,et al.  Evaluation of long-term safety of the anti-IgE antibody, omalizumab, in children with allergic asthma. , 2003, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[51]  T. Casale,et al.  Omalizumab treatment downregulates dendritic cell FcεRI expression , 2003 .

[52]  C. Banfield,et al.  Lack of Clinically Relevant Interaction Between Desloratadine and Erythromycin , 2002, Clinical pharmacokinetics.

[53]  M. Solomon,et al.  Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the Chronically Ill , 2004 .

[54]  C. Bachert,et al.  Safety and efficacy of oral fexofenadine in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis – a pooled analysis of three studies , 2004, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[55]  E. Meltzer,et al.  Concomitant montelukast and loratadine as treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. , 2000, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[56]  P. McNamara,et al.  Effect of Fluticasone Propionate Nasal Spray on Bioavailability of Intranasal Hydromorphone Hydrochloride in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis , 2004, Pharmacotherapy.

[57]  B. Lipworth,et al.  A comparison of once daily fexofenadine versus the combination of montelukast plus loratadine on domiciliary nasal peak flow and symptoms in seasonal allergic rhinitis , 2002, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[58]  T. Casale,et al.  Effect of omalizumab on symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial. , 2001, JAMA.

[59]  E. Schenkel,et al.  Desloratadine reduces nasal congestion in patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis , 2001, Allergy.

[60]  P. Daley-Yates,et al.  Relationship between systemic corticosteroid exposure and growth velocity: development and validation of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. , 2004, Clinical therapeutics.

[61]  C. Banfield,et al.  Desloratadine Has No Clinically Relevant Electrocardiographic or Pharmacodynamic Interactions with Ketoconazole , 2002, Clinical pharmacokinetics.

[62]  T. Reiss,et al.  The effect of montelukast on rhinitis symptoms in patients with asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis , 2004, Current medical research and opinion.

[63]  M. Malik Effects of supratherapeutic doses of ebastine and terfenadine on the QT interval. , 2002, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[64]  J Bousquet,et al.  Implementation of guidelines for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial , 2003, Allergy.

[65]  F. Hampel,et al.  Efficacy and Safety of Ebastine 20 mg Compared to Loratadine 10 mg Once Daily in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study , 2004, International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.

[66]  P. O'Byrne,et al.  Leukotriene receptor antagonists for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2004, The American journal of medicine.

[67]  J. H. Day,et al.  Randomized double-blind comparison of cetirizine and fexofenadine after pollen challenge in the Environmental Exposure Unit: duration of effect in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis. , 2004, Allergy and asthma proceedings.

[68]  J. Murray,et al.  Comprehensive evaluation of cetirizine in the management of seasonal allergic rhinitis: impact on symptoms, quality of life, productivity, and activity impairment. , 2002, Allergy and asthma proceedings.

[69]  T. Haahtela,et al.  Recombinant humanized mAb-E25, an anti-IgE mAb, in birch pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. , 2000, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[70]  J. Schepers,et al.  The effects of fexofenadine on reaction time, decision-making, and driver behavior. , 2003, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[71]  T. Casale,et al.  Omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in the treatment of adults and adolescents with perennial allergic rhinitis. , 2003, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[72]  R. Nathan,et al.  Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray improves nasal symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis when used as needed (prn). , 2003, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[73]  D. McCormick,et al.  Children's school performance is not impaired by short-term administration of diphenhydramine or loratadine. , 2001, The Journal of pediatrics.

[74]  J. H. Day,et al.  Comparative clinical efficacy, onset and duration of action of levocetirizine and desloratadine for symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis in subjects evaluated in the Environmental Exposure Unit (EEU) , 2004, International journal of clinical practice.

[75]  P. Potter Levocetirizine is effective for symptom relief including nasal congestion in adolescent and adult (PAR) sensitized to house dust mites , 2003, Allergy.

[76]  J. Bousquet,et al.  Structure and classification of H1-antihistamines and overview of their activities. , 2002, Clinical allergy and immunology.

[77]  F. Simons,et al.  Safety of cetirizine in infants 6 to 11 months of age: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[78]  L. Shek,et al.  Central nervous system side effects of first- and second-generation antihistamines in school children with perennial allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparative study. , 2004, Pediatrics.

[79]  M. Abelson,et al.  A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison of olopatadine 0.1% ophthalmic solution versus placebo for controlling the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. , 2003, Clinical therapeutics.

[80]  C. Bachert,et al.  Mizolastine provides effective symptom relief in patients suffering from perennial allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study versus loratadine. , 2002, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[81]  James B. Young,et al.  Effect of amoxicillin-clavulanate in clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial in general practice. , 2003, Archives of internal medicine.

[82]  W. McNicholas,et al.  Intranasal corticosteroid therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with co-existing rhinitis. , 2004, Thorax.

[83]  Dempsey,et al.  Evaluation of treatment response in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis using domiciliary nasal peak inspiratory flow , 2000, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[84]  L. Mansfield,et al.  Sleep disordered breathing and daytime quality of life in children with allergic rhinitis during treatment with intranasal budesonide. , 2004, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[85]  E. Juniper,et al.  Comparison of the efficacy, safety and quality of life provided by fexofenadine hydrochloride 120 mg, loratadine 10 mg and placebo administered once daily for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis , 2000, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[86]  P. Howarth,et al.  ARIA in the pharmacy: management of allergic rhinitis symptoms in the pharmacy , 2004, Allergy.

[87]  F. Spertini,et al.  Levocetirizine better protects than desloratadine in a nasal provocation with allergen. , 2004, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[88]  T. Casale,et al.  Tolerability of retreatment with omalizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody, during a second ragweed pollen season in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. , 2003, Allergy and asthma proceedings.

[89]  C. Arendt,et al.  Efficacy and safety of levocetirizine in seasonal allergic rhinitis. , 2001, Acta oto-rhino-laryngologica Belgica.

[90]  W. Fokkens,et al.  Perennial rhinitis in the under 4s: A difficult problem to treat safely and effectively? A comparison of intranasal fluticasone propionate and ketotifen in the treatment of 2–4‐year‐old children with perennial rhinitis , 2004, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[91]  F. Hampel,et al.  Treatment with intranasal fluticasone propionate significantly improves ocular symptoms in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis , 2004, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[92]  S. Zielen,et al.  Effect of anti‐immunoglobulin E on nasal inflammation in patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis , 2004, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[93]  B. Lipworth,et al.  Comparative effects of desloratadine, fexofenadine, and levocetirizine on nasal adenosine monophosphate challenge in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis , 2004, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[94]  J. Bousquet,et al.  Requirements for medications commonly used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis , 2003, Allergy.

[95]  S. Suissa,et al.  Inhaled and nasal corticosteroid use and the risk of fracture. , 2004, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[96]  D. Webb,et al.  Intranasal fluticasone propionate is effective for perennial nonallergic rhinitis with or without eosinophilia. , 2002, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[97]  Z. Tran,et al.  Sedation and performance impairment of diphenhydramine and second-generation antihistamines: a meta-analysis. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[98]  Anthony N Nicholson,et al.  Studies on performance and sleepiness with the H1-antihistamine, desloratadine. , 2003, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[99]  W. Berger,et al.  Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in patients with an unsatisfactory response to loratadine. , 2003, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[100]  C. Baena-Cagnani,et al.  Comparative Effects of Desloratadine versus Montelukast on Asthma Symptoms and Use of β2-Agonists in Patients with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma , 2003, International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.

[101]  J Bousquet,et al.  Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases. A WHO position paper. , 1998, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[102]  T. Casale,et al.  Omalizumab treatment downregulates dendritic cell FcepsilonRI expression. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[103]  M. Malice,et al.  Protective effect of montelukast on lower and upper respiratory tract responses to short-term cat allergen exposure. , 2004, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[104]  José R Arrieta-Gómez,et al.  Effects of Three Nasal Topical Steroids in the Intraocular Pressure Compartment , 2004, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[105]  G. Scadding,et al.  Topical corticosteroids in chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray. , 2001, Rhinology.

[106]  J. Corren,et al.  Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients who remain symptomatic after treatment with fexofenadine. , 2004, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[107]  T. Keil,et al.  The co‐seasonal application of anti‐IgE after preseasonal specific immunotherapy decreases ocular and nasal symptom scores and rescue medication use in grass pollen allergic children , 2004, Allergy.

[108]  K. Nolop,et al.  Absence of growth retardation in children with perennial allergic rhinitis after one year of treatment with mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray. , 2000, Pediatrics.

[109]  T. Casale,et al.  Omalizumab rapidly decreases nasal allergic response and FcεRI on basophils , 2004 .

[110]  J. Bousquet,et al.  Montelukast for treating fall allergic rhinitis: effect of pollen exposure in 3 studies. , 2004, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[111]  T. Casale,et al.  Omalizumab rapidly decreases nasal allergic response and FcepsilonRI on basophils. , 2004, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[112]  P. Ratner,et al.  Comparison of once-daily ebastine 20 mg, ebastine 10 mg, loratadine 10 mg, and placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. The Ebastine Study Group. , 2000, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[113]  M. Abelson,et al.  A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison of olopatadine 0.1% ophthalmic solution versus placebo for controlling the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. , 2003, Clinical therapeutics.

[114]  C. Jackson,et al.  Effects of single or combined histamine H1-receptor and leukotriene CysLT1-receptor antagonism on nasal adenosine monophosphate challenge in persistent allergic rhinitis. , 2004, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[115]  S. Whitcup,et al.  Efficacy and tolerability of ophthalmic epinastine: a randomized, double-masked, parallel-group, active- and vehicle-controlled environmental trial in patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. , 2004, Clinical therapeutics.

[116]  R. Naclerio,et al.  As-needed use of fluticasone propionate nasal spray reduces symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. , 2000, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[117]  N. Karlsson,et al.  Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in pregnancy rhinitis. , 2001, Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences.

[118]  [WHO position paper. "Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases"]. , 1998, Arerugi = [Allergy].

[119]  F. Horak,et al.  A direct comparison of the efficacy of antihistamines in SAR and PAR: randomised, placebo-controlled studies with levocetirizine and loratadine using an environmental exposure unit – the Vienna Challenge Chamber (VCC) , 2004, Current medical research and opinion.

[120]  P. Kuna,et al.  Montelukast plus cetirizine in the prophylactic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: influence on clinical symptoms and nasal allergic inflammation , 2004, Allergy.

[121]  L. Salmun,et al.  24-hour efficacy of once-daily desloratadine therapy in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis [ISRCTN32042139] , 2002, BMC family practice.

[122]  L. Mansfield,et al.  Safety and efficacy of desloratadine 5 mg in asthma patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and nasal congestion. , 2002, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[123]  J. Lötvall,et al.  Comparison of a nasal glucocorticoid, antileukotriene, and a combination of antileukotriene and antihistamine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. , 2002, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[124]  R. Califf,et al.  Comparison of cefuroxime with or without intranasal fluticasone for the treatment of rhinosinusitis. The CAFFS Trial: a randomized controlled trial. , 2001, JAMA.

[125]  A. Togias,et al.  Omalizumab-induced reductions in mast cell FcεRI expression and function , 2004 .

[126]  J. O'hanlon,et al.  Seasonal allergic rhinitis and antihistamine effects on children's learning , 1992, European Neuropsychopharmacology.

[127]  J. Corey,et al.  Loratadine/Pseudoephedrine for Nasal Symptoms in Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study , 2000, Ear, nose, & throat journal.

[128]  M. Bruze,et al.  Allergic contact dermatitis in response to budesonide reactivated by inhalation of the allergen. , 2002, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[129]  C. Bachert,et al.  Fexofenadine is efficacious and safe in children (aged 6-11 years) with seasonal allergic rhinitis. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[130]  J. Stevenson,et al.  Long-Term Evaluation of the Impact of the H1-Receptor Antagonist Cetirizine on the Behavioral, Cognitive, and Psychomotor Development of Very Young Children with Atopic Dermatitis , 2002, Pediatric Research.

[131]  L. Salmun,et al.  The pharmacokinetics, electrocardiographic effects, and tolerability of loratadine syrup in children aged 2 to 5 years. , 2000, Clinical therapeutics.

[132]  F. Horak,et al.  Clinical Study of the Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Emedastine Difumarate versus Cetirizine in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis , 2004, Arzneimittelforschung.

[133]  F. Hampel,et al.  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of ebastine (20 mg and 10 mg) to loratadine 10 mg once daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. , 2004, Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology.

[134]  J. Warner,et al.  A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cetirizine in preventing the onset of asthma in children with atopic dermatitis: 18 months' treatment and 18 months' posttreatment follow-up. , 2001, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[135]  E. Meltzer,et al.  No growth suppression in children treated with the maximum recommended dose of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray for one year. , 2002, Allergy and asthma proceedings.

[136]  P. Keith,et al.  Efficacy and tolerability of fluticasone propionate nasal drops 400 μg once daily compared with placebo for the treatment of bilateral polyposis in adults , 2000, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.