Ultrashort pulse measurements

The generation of intense ultrashort light pulses in mode-locked laser systems has made possible a wide range of new experiments designed to study the interaction of light with matter. For the quantitative interpretation of the results, accurate measurement of the optical pulse structure is essential, and it is the purpose of this paper to review all the diagnostic techniques currently available. The recent rapid development of the electron-optical streak camera is highlighted, while considerable space is devoted to an extensive description of the many second- and higher order correlation measurements (including the popular two-photon fluorescence method). A discussion of ultrafast shutter techniques is also included, together with a section on pulse chirping and dynamic spectroscopy.

[1]  G. New.  Pulse evolution in mode-locked quasi-continuous lasers , 1974 .

[2]  P. W. Smith,et al.  Mode-locking of lasers, , 1974 .

[3]  D. Bradley,et al.  Streak-camera studies of picosecond pulses from a mode-locked Nd: Glass laser , 1973 .

[4]  D. Bradley,et al.  Photoisomer generation and absorption relaxation in the mode-locking dye 3,3'-diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide , 1973 .

[5]  M. McGeoch.  A computational theory of short pulse generation , 1973 .

[6]  J. Fleck,et al.  Laser pulse shaping due to self‐phase modulation in amplifying media , 1973 .

[7]  H. Weber,et al.  Influence of saturable-absorber transmission and optical pumping on the reproducibility of passive mode locking , 1973 .

[8]  M. W. McGeoch,et al.  The production and measurement of ultrashort pulses in a ruby layer , 1973 .

[9]  Peter M. Rentzepis,et al.  Picosecond spectroscopy using a picosecond continuum , 1973 .

[10]  F. O’neill.  Picosecond pulses from a passively mode-locked cw dye laser , 1972 .

[11]  J. Turner,et al.  Interpulse coherence of picosecond pulses , 1972 .

[12]  V. Letokhov,et al.  Fluctuation mechanism of ultrashort pulse generation by laser with saturable absorber , 1972 .

[13]  G. New.  Mode-locking of quasi-continuous lasers , 1972 .

[14]  R. Alfano,et al.  Direct measurement of the vibrational decay of dye molecules in the excited state , 1972 .

[15]  T. Ohmi,et al.  Observation of transient behavior of picosecond laser pulses , 1972 .

[16]  B. Frolov,et al.  Picosecond Structure of the Emission of a Laser with a Nonlinear Absorber , 1972 .

[17]  A. Novotný,et al.  Measurement of picosecond pulse shape by three-photon fluorescence , 1972 .

[18]  J. Fleck,et al.  Self-focusing and self-phase modulation in picosecond pulse oscillators , 1972 .

[19]  E. Ippen,et al.  Passive mode locking of the cw dye laser , 1972 .

[20]  M. Denariez-Roberge,et al.  Variable Ultrafast Photographic Shutter , 1972 .

[21]  R. Harrach,et al.  Estimating the Peak Intesity and Energy Content of Short Duration Pulses Using Saturable Absorbers , 1972 .

[22]  R. Eckardt,et al.  Evolution of high-power picosecond pulses in a pulsed mode-locked laser , 1972 .

[23]  W. Glenn.  Dynamics of mode-locked lasers: A statistical model and experimental results , 1972 .

[24]  A. M. Glass,et al.  Optical generation of intense picosecond electrical pulses , 1972 .

[25]  Daniel J. Bradley,et al.  Interactions of picosecond laser pulses with organic molecules I. Two-photon fluorescence quenching and singlet states excitation in Rhodamine dyes , 1972, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[26]  A. Laubereau,et al.  Generation of Single Picosecond and Subpicosecond Light Pulses , 1972 .

[27]  C. Lin,et al.  Optical pulsewidth measurement using self-phase modulation , 1972 .

[28]  D. Bradley,et al.  Picosecond Electron‐Optical Chronography , 1972 .

[29]  D. Linde,et al.  Experimental study of single picosecond light pulses , 1972 .

[30]  L. Mandel,et al.  Intensity correlation function of a laser beam near threshold , 1972 .

[31]  D. Bradley,et al.  Passive Mode Locking of Flashlamp‐Pumped Dye Lasers Tunable between 580 and 700 nm , 1972 .

[32]  M. Duguay,et al.  Picosecond pulse distortion in optical fibers , 1972 .

[33]  P. Rentzepis,et al.  Uses of Self‐Focusing and Dispersion Effects in Time‐Resolved Picosecond Spectroscopy , 1972 .

[34]  Reviews of Topical Problems: Generation of Ultrashort Light Pulses by Means of Lasers , 1972 .

[35]  A. G. Roddie,et al.  Picosecond Chronography with Image Tubes , 1972 .

[36]  J. Nuckolls,et al.  Laser Compression of Matter to Super-High Densities: Thermonuclear (CTR) Applications , 1972, Nature.

[37]  A. Laubereau,et al.  The intensity of short light pulses determined with saturable absorbers , 1972 .

[38]  L. Dahlström,et al.  Third-order correlation measurement of ultrashort light pulses , 1971 .

[39]  D. Bradley,et al.  Frequency‐Tunable Transform‐Limited Picosecond Dye‐Laser Pulses , 1971 .

[40]  R. Eckardt,et al.  Temporal and Spectral Development of Mode Locking in a Ring‐Cavity Nd:Glass Laser , 1971 .

[41]  D. Auston.  Higher order intensity correlations of optical pulses , 1971 .

[42]  G. Mourou,et al.  Influence of the intensity of the exciting radiation on decay time and polarization of the fluorescence of some dyes in solution , 1971 .

[43]  E. Treacy,et al.  Measurement and Interpretation of Dynamic Spectrograms of Picosecond Light Pulses , 1971 .

[44]  A. Mattick,et al.  Ultrahigh speed photography of picosecond light pulses and echoes. , 1971, Applied optics.

[45]  D. Bradley,et al.  Direct measurement of duration and background energy content of dye laser picosecond pulses , 1971 .

[46]  L. Dahlström.  Measurement of ultra-short laser pulses by means of the optical Kerr effect , 1971 .

[47]  P. Rentzepis,et al.  Time‐Resolved Absorption Spectroscopy in the 10−12 ‐sec Range , 1971 .

[48]  M. J. Colles.  Ultrashort Pulse Formation in a Short‐Pulse‐Stimulated Raman Oscillator , 1971 .

[49]  Correlation measurements of fluctuating mode-locked laser pulses , 1971 .

[50]  A. Laubereau,et al.  Measurement of the shape of picosecond light pulses using stimulated Raman scattering , 1971 .

[51]  D. Auston.  Nonlinear spectroscopy of picosecond pulses , 1971 .

[52]  H. G. Danielmeyer,et al.  Direct Measurement of the Group Velocity of Light , 1971 .

[53]  A. Chirkin,et al.  Two-photon fluorescence technique of ultra-short laser pulse measurement and the efficiency of nonlinear optical processes , 1971 .

[54]  M. Schelev,et al.  IMAGE‐CONVERTER STREAK CAMERA WITH PICOSECOND RESOLUTION , 1971 .

[55]  O. Svelto.  On the subpicosecond structure and frequency sweep of mode locked lasers , 1971 .

[56]  M. Crisp.  Comment on a linear technique for the measurement of ultrashort optical pulse widths , 1971 .

[57]  P. Rentzepis,et al.  Time resolved picosecond emission spectroscopy of organic dye lasers , 1971 .

[58]  D. Auston.  MEASUREMENT OF PICOSECOND PULSE SHAPE AND BACKGROUND LEVEL , 1971 .

[59]  Yaochun Shen,et al.  Umklapp Optical Third-Harmonic Generation in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals , 1971 .

[60]  G. Dubé.  BACKGROUND ENERGY CONTENT OF MODE‐LOCKED LASER PULSES , 1971 .

[61]  T. Lee,et al.  Study of a Self‐Pulsing GaAs Laser by Intensity Correlation in Lithium Iodate , 1971 .

[62]  T. Lee,et al.  Signal structure of continuously self-pulsing GaAs lasers , 1971 .

[63]  W. E. Sleat,et al.  Direct linear measurement of ultrashort light pulses with a picosecond streak camera , 1971 .

[64]  M. A. Duguay,et al.  Ultrahigh-speed photography of picosecond light pulses , 1971 .

[65]  Joshua Jortner,et al.  Picosecond Emission Spectroscopy of Homogeneously Broadened, Electronically Excited Molecular States , 1970 .

[66]  D. Holshouser,et al.  Cross-correlation detection of subnanosecond optical pulses , 1970 .

[67]  S. L. Shapiro,et al.  Study of the Nd: Glass laser radiation , 1970 .

[68]  H. G. Danielmeyer,et al.  Multimode Effects in Intensity Correlation Measurements , 1970 .

[69]  Real-time oscilloscope observation of an ultrafast photodiode response to mode-locked laser pulses , 1970 .

[70]  R. Dandliker,et al.  Statistical amplitude and phase variations in mode-locked lasers , 1970 .

[71]  A. W. Smith,et al.  MODE‐LOCKED LASER PULSE SHAPES , 1970 .

[72]  M. Hercher,et al.  Basis for Picosecond Structure in Mode‐Locked Laser Pulses , 1970 .

[73]  M. Malley,et al.  Picosecond time-resolved stimulation light emission , 1970 .

[74]  D. Linde,et al.  Experimental investigation of single picosecond pulses , 1970 .

[75]  S. Caughey,et al.  Amplitude and phase structure of picosecond pulses from Nd:Glass lasers , 1970 .

[76]  W. Glenn.  Theory of the two-photon absorption-fluorescence method of pulsewidth measurement , 1970 .

[77]  P. Rentzepis,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF ULTRASHORT LASER PULSES BY THREE‐PHOTON FLUORESCENCE , 1970 .

[78]  K. Eisenthal.  Measurement of intermolecular energy transfer using picosecond light pulses , 1970 .

[79]  O. Svelto.  INTERPRETATION OF THE SUBPICOSECOND STRUCTURE AND FREQUENCY CHIRP OF MODE‐LOCKED LASERS , 1970 .

[80]  E. Treacy.  DIRECT DEMONSTRATION OF PICOSECOND‐PULSE FREQUENCY SWEEP , 1970 .

[81]  D. Burnham.  PICOSECOND PULSE MEASUREMENT EMPLOYING THE NONLINEAR PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT , 1970 .

[82]  P. Schweitzer,et al.  Theory of Intensity-Correlation Measurements on Imperfectly Mode-Locked Lasers , 1970 .

[83]  D. Bradley,et al.  Intensity dependent quenching of two - photon fluorescence displays of a mode - locked ruby laser , 1970 .

[84]  S. Caughey,et al.  Relationship between saturable absorber cell length and pulse duration in passively mode-locked lasers , 1970 .

[85]  A. Masalov,et al.  Structure of Spectra of Solid-state Lasers in the Free Generation Regime , 1970 .

[86]  Y. Shen,et al.  Phase-Matched Third-Harmonic Generation in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals , 1970 .

[87]  E. Mathieu,et al.  Intensity Correlation Functions of a Non‐Q‐Switched Laser, Measured by Second‐Harmonic Generation , 1970 .

[88]  V. Samartsev,et al.  Overlapping peak trains of giant laser pulses and photon echo generation , 1970 .

[89]  E. Jones,et al.  ULTRAFAST RISE TIME LASER‐INDUCED STRESS WAVES , 1970 .

[90]  T. Yamanaka,et al.  An Investigation of Pulse Structure of Mode-Locked Glass Laser Using Two Photon Fluorescence Measurement Technique , 1970 .

[91]  C. O. Alley,et al.  A linear technique for the measurement of ultrashort optical pulse widths , 1970 .

[92]  Tingye Li,et al.  Theory of two-photon measurement of laser output , 1970 .

[93]  Charles C. Wang,et al.  OPTICAL THIRD HARMONIC GENERATION USING MODE‐LOCKED AND NONMODE‐LOCKED LASERS , 1969 .

[94]  Robert C. Eckardt,et al.  OPTICAL THIRD HARMONIC MEASUREMENTS OF SUBPICOSECOND LIGHT PULSES , 1969 .

[95]  B. Stoicheff,et al.  Study of the duration and birefringence of self-trapped filaments in CS 2 , 1969 .

[96]  M. Duguay,et al.  Direct measurement of picosecond lifetimes , 1969 .

[97]  Robert A. Fisher,et al.  ON THE PHASE CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPRESSION OF PICOSECOND PULSES , 1969 .

[98]  P. Magnante,et al.  Mode‐Locked and Bandwidth‐Narrowed Nd‐Glass Laser , 1969 .

[99]  Rinaldo Cubeddu,et al.  Theory of laser self-locking in the presence of host dispersion , 1969 .

[100]  S. Caughey,et al.  Subpicosecond structure in mode-locked Nd: Glass lasers , 1969 .

[101]  Archibald W. Smith,et al.  EFFECT OF HOST DISPERSION ON MODE‐LOCKED LASERS , 1969 .

[102]  M. Duguay,et al.  AN ULTRAFAST LIGHT GATE , 1969 .

[103]  R. Dändliker,et al.  Imperfectly mode-locked laser emission and its effects on nonlinear optics , 1969 .

[104]  E. Treacy.  Optical pulse compression with diffraction gratings , 1969 .

[105]  Rinaldo Cubeddu,et al.  Picosecond pulses, TEM 00 mode, mode-locked ruby laser , 1969 .

[106]  V. V. Korobkin,et al.  Time Resolution of an Image Converter Camera in Streak Operation , 1969 .

[107]  P. Rentzepis.  Emission from the lowest singlet and triplet states of azulene , 1969 .

[108]  A. Yariv,et al.  Stable, Chirped, Ultrashort Pulses in Lasers Using the Optical Kerr Effect , 1969 .

[109]  A. Laubereau,et al.  External frequency modulation and compression of picosecond pulses , 1969 .

[110]  S. Mccall,et al.  Self-Induced Transparency , 1969 .

[111]  R. Picard,et al.  Influence of number of modes on two-photon fluorescence displays for partially mode-locked lasers , 1969 .

[112]  J. Klauder,et al.  Recovery of Laser Intensity from Correlation Data , 1969 .

[113]  M. Duguay,et al.  Compression of Pulses from a Mode-Locked He-Ne Laser , 1969 .

[114]  A. J. DeMaria,et al.  Picosecond Laser Pulses , 1969, Other Conferences.

[115]  K. Drexhage.  MULTIPHOTON EXCITATION OF FLUORESCENCE IN STANDING LIGHT WAVES AND MEASUREMENT OF PICOSECOND PULSES , 1969 .

[116]  M. J. Brienza,et al.  PASSIVE MODE LOCKING OF A PULSED Nd:YAG LASER , 1969 .

[117]  Vladilen S. Letokhov.  Ultrashort Fluctuation Pulses of Light in a Laser , 1969 .

[118]  O. Svelto,et al.  Effect of dispersion on laser self-locking , 1969 .

[119]  R. Harrach.  DETERMINATION OF ULTRASHORT PULSE WIDTHS BY TWO‐PHOTON FLUORESCENCE PATTERNS , 1969 .

[120]  J. Klauder.  SPECTRAL CRITERION FOR MODE LOCKED LASER SIGNALS , 1969 .

[121]  M. Duguay,et al.  Observation of subpicosecond components in the mode-locked Nd:glass laser , 1969 .

[122]  T. Gustafson,et al.  SUBPICOSECOND PULSE GENERATION USING THE OPTICAL KERR EFFECT , 1969 .

[123]  M. Key,et al.  A simple laser-triggered spark gap for kilovolt pulses of accurately variable timing , 1969 .

[124]  S. Caughey,et al.  Subpicosecond structure in Nd: Glass laser relaxation oscillations , 1969 .

[125]  M. Bass,et al.  Locking in Multimode Solid‐State Lasers , 1969 .

[126]  D. Gloge,et al.  INVESTIGATION OF LOW POWER LASER SIGNALS WITH PICOSECOND RESOLUTION , 1969 .

[127]  M. Key,et al.  Time Resolution Limitations in Single-stage Image Converter Photography , 1969 .

[128]  R. Harrach.  Effects of partial mode-locking on contrast ratios in two-photon excitation of fluorescence☆ , 1968 .

[129]  D. Burnham,et al.  Picosecond pulse measurement by two-photon excitation of photographic film. , 1968 .

[130]  M. Mack,et al.  Mode locking the ruby laser , 1968 .

[131]  H. Weber.  Generation and Measurement of Ultrashort Light Pulses , 1968 .

[132]  R. Dandliker,et al.  Intensity interferometry by two-photon excitation of fluorescence , 1968 .

[133]  J. Fleck.  EVOLUTION OF A Q‐SWITCHED LASER PULSE FROM NOISE , 1968 .

[134]  E. Drent,et al.  Direct measurement of S–T crossing relaxation time in azulenes , 1968 .

[135]  E. Treacy,et al.  Compression of picosecond light pulses , 1968 .

[136]  S. Shapiro,et al.  Two photon fluorescence displays with a non-mode-locked Nd:YAG laser , 1968 .

[137]  V. Letokhov,et al.  Generation and amplification of ultrashort optical pulses , 1968 .

[138]  G. I. Kachen,et al.  Selection and Amplification of a Single Mode-Locked Optical Pulse , 1968 .

[139]  S. Schwarz,et al.  Theory of an optical pulse generator , 1968 .

[140]  Amnon Yariv,et al.  OBSERVATION OF MODE LOCKING AND ULTRASHORT OPTICAL PULSES INDUCED BY ANTISOTROPIC MOLECULAR LIQUIDS , 1968 .

[141]  S. L. Shapiro,et al.  CORRELATION EFFECTS IN THE DISPLAY OF PICOSECOND PULSES BY TWO‐PHOTON TECHNIQUES , 1968 .

[142]  M. A. Duguay,et al.  Optical sampling of subnanosecond light pulses , 1968 .

[143]  J. D. Foster,et al.  A Mode‐Locked Nd:YAG Laser , 1968 .

[144]  J. A. Fleck,et al.  Emission of Pulse Trains byQ-Switched Lasers , 1968 .

[145]  H. P. Weber,et al.  Comments on the pulse width measurement with two-photon excitation of fluorescence , 1968 .

[146]  R. Scarlet,et al.  DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF PICOSECOND LIFETIMES , 1968 .

[147]  S. L. Shapiro,et al.  SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION IN LiNbO3 BY PICOSECOND PULSES , 1968 .

[148]  D. Bradley,et al.  Time dispersion effects in a multiple-beam storage, image tube framing camera , 1968 .

[149]  J. A. Fleck,et al.  Origin of Short‐Pulse Emission by Passively Switched Lasers , 1968 .

[150]  Peter M. Rentzepis,et al.  Direct measurements of radiationless transitions in liquids , 1968 .

[151]  M. Duguay,et al.  Compression of optical pulses , 1968 .

[152]  M. Bass,et al.  OBSERVATION OF PICOSECOND PULSES FROM A Nd:YAG LASER , 1968 .

[153]  G. I. Kachen,et al.  Pulse Trains from Mode‐Locked Lasers , 1968 .

[154]  S. L. Shapiro,et al.  PICOSECOND SUBSTRUCTURE OF LASER SPIKES , 1968 .

[155]  P. Bey,et al.  Linear and circular polarized laser radiation in optical third harmonic generation , 1968 .

[156]  Charles H. Townes,et al.  Self-steepening of light pulses. , 1967 .

[157]  J. Shelton,et al.  Measurement of the relaxation time of the Eastman 9740 bleachable dye , 1967 .

[158]  M. Bass,et al.  Reproducible optical second-harmonic generation using a mode-locked laser , 1967 .

[159]  Peter M. Rentzepis,et al.  Spontaneous Appearance of Picosecond Pulses in Ruby and Nd: Glass Lasers , 1967 .

[160]  Peter M. Rentzepis,et al.  PICOSECOND LIGHT PULSE DISPLAY USING TWO DIFFERENT OPTICAL FREQUENCIES , 1967 .

[161]  K. W. Wecht,et al.  TWO‐PHOTON EXCITATION OF FLUORESCENCE BY PICOSECOND LIGHT PULSES , 1967 .

[162]  D. H. McMahon,et al.  Wideband pulse compression via Brillouin scattering in the Bragg limit , 1967 .

[163]  W. Glenn,et al.  Ultrashort Light Pulses , 1967, Science.

[164]  Amnon Yariv,et al.  Laser mode-locking with saturable absorbers , 1967 .

[165]  W. H. Glenn,et al.  TIME EVOLUTION OF PICOSECOND OPTICAL PULSES , 1967 .

[166]  Heinz P. Weber,et al.  Method for Pulsewidth Measurement of Ultrashort Light Pulses Generated by Phase‐Locked Lasers using Nonlinear Optics , 1967 .

[167]  Laser pulse distortion in a nonlinear dielectric , 1967 .

[168]  K. Drexhage,et al.  Controlled Transfer of Excitation Energy Through Thin Layers , 1967 .

[169]  J. A. Armstrong.  MEASUREMENT OF PICOSECOND LASER PULSE WIDTHS , 1967 .

[170]  W. Kaiser,et al.  Intense Light Bursts in the Stimulated Raman Effect , 1966 .

[171]  A. J. DeMaria,et al.  OPTICAL SPECTRA OF ULTRASHORT OPTICAL PULSES GENERATED BY MODE‐LOCKED GLASS:Nd LASERS , 1966 .

[172]  Richard H. Pantell,et al.  SECOND‐HARMONIC ENHANCEMENT WITH AN INTERNALLY‐MODULATED RUBY LASER , 1966 .

[173]  J. Geusic,et al.  GENERATION OF ULTRASHORT OPTICAL PULSES BY MODE LOCKING THE YAIG: Nd LASER , 1966 .

[174]  A. Demaria,et al.  Self Mode-Locking of Lasers with Saturable Absorbers , 1966 .

[175]  A. D. Berg,et al.  A dynamic electron image information store , 1966 .

[176]  N. Bloembergen,et al.  STATISTICAL FLUCTUATION IN NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROCESSES , 1964 .

[177]  G. Boyd,et al.  Observation of Continuous Optical Harmonic Generation with Gas Masers , 1963 .

[178]  T. Tamai,et al.  Ruby Laser and Second Harmonic Generation , 1963 .

[179]  J. Klauder,et al.  The theory and design of chirp radars , 1960 .

[180]  E. K. Zavoiskii,et al.  Physical Fundamentals of Electron-optical Chronography , 1957 .

[181]  L. Mandel,et al.  Coherence Properties of Optical Fields , 1965 .

[182]  R. H. Brown,et al.  Correlation between Photons in two Coherent Beams of Light , 1956, Nature.

[183]  D. Gabor.  Acoustical Quanta and the Theory of Hearing , 1947, Nature.

[184]  Dennis Gabor,et al.  Theory of communication , 1946 .