From Finland to fatland: beneficial effects of statins for patients with chronic kidney disease.

EBERHARD RITZ, FEATURE EDITOR After maturity, healthy humans exhibit an age-dependent physiologic decline in renal function, amounting to an average of 0.75 ml/min lost GFR per year after the age of 40 ([1][1]). In the situation of chronic renal failure (CRF), accelerated renal decline supervenes

[1]  François Mach,et al.  Inflammation and Atherosclerosis , 2004, Herz.

[2]  M. Elisaf,et al.  The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidaemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study , 2004, Journal of Clinical Pathology.

[3]  O. Arisaka,et al.  Effect of fluvastatin and dipyridamole on proteinuria and renal function in childhood IgA nephropathy with mild histological findings and moderate proteinuria. , 2003, Clinical nephrology.

[4]  J. Buring,et al.  Cholesterol and the risk of renal dysfunction in apparently healthy men. , 2003, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[5]  M. Cooper,et al.  Effects of the combination of an angiotensin II antagonist with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor in experimental diabetes. , 2003, Kidney international.

[6]  I. Holme,et al.  Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial , 2003, The Lancet.

[7]  Sarah Parish,et al.  MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial , 2003, The Lancet.

[8]  D. Perrea,et al.  Beneficial effects of fluvastatin on progressive renal allograft dysfunction. , 2003, Transplantation proceedings.

[9]  F. Sacks,et al.  Effect of pravastatin on loss of renal function in people with moderate chronic renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease. , 2003, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[10]  B. Suwelack,et al.  Effect of a 3-year therapy with the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase-inhibitor fluvastatin on endothelial function and distensibility of large arteries in hypercholesterolemic renal transplant recipient. , 2003, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[11]  J. Blacher,et al.  Aortic pulse wave velocity index and mortality in end-stage renal disease. , 2003, Kidney international.

[12]  M. McCarty.  Reduction of serum C-reactive protein by statin therapy may reflect decreased isoprenylation of Rac-1, a mediator of the IL-6 signal transduction pathway. , 2003, Medical hypotheses.

[13]  A. Jardine,et al.  Why do we need a statin trial in hemodialysis patients? , 2003, Kidney international. Supplement.

[14]  R. Collins,et al.  Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial , 2003, The Lancet.

[15]  R. Bigazzi,et al.  A controlled, prospective study of the effects of atorvastatin on proteinuria and progression of kidney disease. , 2003, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[16]  P. Libby,et al.  Mechanisms of plaque stabilization with statins. , 2003, The American journal of cardiology.

[17]  R. Gans,et al.  C-reactive protein is associated with renal function abnormalities in a non-diabetic population. , 2003, Kidney international.

[18]  F. Sacks,et al.  Pravastatin for Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Persons with Mild Chronic Renal Insufficiency , 2003, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[19]  J. Liao.  Beyond lipid lowering: the role of statins in vascular protection. , 2002, International journal of cardiology.

[20]  J. Blacher,et al.  Prognostic significance of arterial stiffness measurements in end-stage renal disease patients , 2002, Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension.

[21]  Mark A B Thomas,et al.  Statin therapy improves brachial artery endothelial function in nephrotic syndrome. , 2002, Kidney international.

[22]  T. Saruta,et al.  Fluvastatin prevents development of arterial stiffness in haemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2002, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[23]  AndrewJ. S. Coats.  MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebocontrolled trial , 2002, The Lancet.

[24]  A. Covic,et al.  How important and how treatable is vascular stiffness as a cardiovascular risk factor in renal failure? , 2002, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[25]  W. Min,et al.  Effects of simvastatin on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum albumin in hemodialysis patients. , 2002, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[26]  P. Stenvinkel,et al.  Mortality, malnutrition, and atherosclerosis in ESRD: what is the role of interleukin-6? , 2002, Kidney international. Supplement.

[27]  K. Iseki,et al.  Hypocholesterolemia is a significant predictor of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients. , 2002, Kidney international.

[28]  D. Wheeler,et al.  A placebo-controlled trial examining atorvastatin in dyslipidemic patients undergoing CAPD. , 2002, Kidney international.

[29]  T. Meinertz,et al.  Zytokine in der Pathogenese der Atherosklerose , 2002, Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift.

[30]  K. Rahn,et al.  Reduced arterial distensibility is a predictor of cardiovascular disease in patients after renal transplantation , 2002, Journal of hypertension.

[31]  H. Koide,et al.  Effect of Cerivastatin on Urinary Albumin Excretion and Plasma Endothelin-1 Concentrations in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Microalbuminuria and Dyslipidemia , 2001, American Journal of Nephrology.

[32]  A. Kamper,et al.  Effect of simvastatin on renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. , 2001, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[33]  G. Kaysen.  The microinflammatory state in uremia: causes and potential consequences. , 2001, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[34]  B. Brenner,et al.  Evolving strategies for renoprotection: non-diabetic chronic renal disease , 2001, Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension.

[35]  J. Brady,et al.  Analysis of Glomerulosclerosis and Atherosclerosis in Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase-deficient Mice* , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[36]  N. Nahman,et al.  Renoprotection: one or many therapies? , 2001, Kidney international.

[37]  J. Coresh,et al.  Plasma lipids and risk of developing renal dysfunction: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. , 2000, Kidney international.

[38]  J. Mann.  Should the results of the HOPE study affect nephrological practice? For the HOPE investigators. , 2000, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[39]  W. März,et al.  HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition: Anti-Inflammatory Effects beyond Lipid Lowering? , 2000, Herz.

[40]  F. Bernini,et al.  New insights into the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of statins. , 1999, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[41]  M. Pfeffer,et al.  Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: what do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? National Kidney Foundation Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease. , 1998, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[42]  Philip D. Harvey,et al.  Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39 , 1998, BMJ.

[43]  M. Ravid,et al.  Main risk factors for nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus are plasma cholesterol levels, mean blood pressure, and hyperglycemia. , 1998, Archives of internal medicine.

[44]  H. Wedel,et al.  Lipoprotein abnormalities are associated with increased rate of progression of human chronic renal insufficiency. , 1997, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[45]  T. Mountokalakis.  The renal consequences of arterial hypertension. , 1997, Kidney international.

[46]  P. Whelton,et al.  Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[47]  V. Manninen,et al.  Effects of hypertension and dyslipidemia on the decline in renal function. , 1995, Hypertension.

[48]  B. Kasiske,et al.  Renal injury of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. , 1990, Kidney international.

[49]  B. Kasiske,et al.  Treatment of hyperlipidemia reduces glomerular injury in obese Zucker rats. , 1988, Kidney international.

[50]  B. Kasiske,et al.  Pharmacologic Treatment of Hyperlipidemia Reduces Glomerular Injury in Rat 5/6 Nephrectomy Model of Chronic Renal Failure , 1988, Circulation research.

[51]  B. Kasiske,et al.  Renal disease in patients with massive obesity. , 1986, Archives of internal medicine.

[52]  N W Shock,et al.  Longitudinal Studies on the Rate of Decline in Renal Function with Age , 1985, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[53]  R. Bilous,et al.  Monitoring glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy. A prospective study. , 1983, The American journal of medicine.

[54]  H. Parving,et al.  A prospective study of glomerular filtration rate and arterial blood pressure in insulin-dependent diabetics with diabetic nephropathy , 1981, Diabetologia.

[55]  C. Mogensen.  Progression of nephropathy in long-term diabetics with proteinuria and effect of initial anti-hypertensive treatment. , 1976, Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation.

[56]  G. Prasad,et al.  Blood pressure reduction with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in renal transplant recipients. , 2003, Kidney international.

[57]  B. Kestenbaum,et al.  HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are associated with reduced mortality in ESRD patients. , 2002, Kidney international.

[58]  S. Yusuf.  MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Commentary , 2002 .

[59]  B. Kasiske,et al.  Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: a meta-analysis. , 2001, Kidney international.

[60]  B. Kasiske,et al.  Effects of reduced renal mass on tissue lipids and renal injury in hyperlipidemic rats. , 1989, Kidney international.

[61]  B. Kasiske,et al.  Lipids and progressive glomerulosclerosis. A model analogous to atherosclerosis. , 1988, American journal of nephrology.