Basic components of connective tissues and extracellular matrix: elastin, fibrillin, fibulins, fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, tenascins and thrombospondins.

Collagens are the most abundant components of the extracellular matrix and many types of soft tissues. Elastin is another major component of certain soft tissues, such as arterial walls and ligaments. Many other molecules, though lower in quantity, function as essential components of the extracellular matrix in soft tissues. Some of these are reviewed in this chapter. Besides their basic structure, biochemistry and physiology, their roles in disorders of soft tissues are discussed only briefly as most chapters in this volume deal with relevant individual compounds. Fibronectin with its muldomain structure plays a role of "master organizer" in matrix assembly as it forms a bridge between cell surface receptors, e.g., integrins, and compounds such collagen, proteoglycans and other focal adhesion molecules. It also plays an essential role in the assembly of fibrillin-1 into a structured network. Laminins contribute to the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and modulate cellular functions such as adhesion, differentiation, migration, stability of phenotype, and resistance towards apoptosis. Though the primary role of fibrinogen is in clot formation, after conversion to fibrin by thrombin, it also binds to a variety of compounds, particularly to various growth factors, and as such fibrinogen is a player in cardiovascular and extracellular matrix physiology. Elastin, an insoluble polymer of the monomeric soluble precursor tropoelastin, is the main component of elastic fibers in matrix tissue where it provides elastic recoil and resilience to a variety of connective tissues, e.g., aorta and ligaments. Elastic fibers regulate activity of TGFβs through their association with fibrillin microfibrils. Elastin also plays a role in cell adhesion, cell migration, and has the ability to participate in cell signaling. Mutations in the elastin gene lead to cutis laxa. Fibrillins represent the predominant core of the microfibrils in elastic as well as non-elastic extracellular matrixes, and interact closely with tropoelastin and integrins. Not only do microfibrils provide structural integrity of specific organ systems, but they also provide a scaffold for elastogenesis in elastic tissues. Fibrillin is important for the assembly of elastin into elastic fibers. Mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene are closely associated with Marfan syndrome. Fibulins are tightly connected with basement membranes, elastic fibers and other components of extracellular matrix and participate in formation of elastic fibers. Tenascins are ECM polymorphic glycoproteins found in many connective tissues in the body. Their expression is regulated by mechanical stress both during development and in adulthood. Tenascins mediate both inflammatory and fibrotic processes to enable effective tissue repair and play roles in pathogenesis of Ehlers-Danlos, heart disease, and regeneration and recovery of musculo-tendinous tissue. One of the roles of thrombospondin 1 is activation of TGFβ. Increased expression of thrombospondin and TGFβ activity was observed in fibrotic skin disorders such as keloids and scleroderma. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) or thrombospondin-5 is primarily present in the cartilage. High levels of COMP are present in fibrotic scars and systemic sclerosis of the skin, and in tendon, especially with physical activity, loading and post-injury. It plays a role in vascular wall remodeling and has been found in atherosclerotic plaques as well.

[1]  H. Ohashi,et al.  Severe Peters Plus syndrome‐like phenotype with anterior eye staphyloma and hypoplastic left heart syndrome: Proposal of a new syndrome , 2010, Congenital Anomalies.

[2]  J. B. Lowe,et al.  Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis , 1961, Circulation.

[3]  C. Cottrill,et al.  Supravalvular aortic stenosis. Clinical and pathologic observations in six patients. , 1985, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[4]  C. Kielty,et al.  Elastic fibres in health and disease , 2006, Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine.

[5]  D. Milewicz,et al.  A mutation in FBN1 disrupts profibrillin processing and results in isolated skeletal features of the Marfan syndrome. , 1995, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[6]  J. Murphy-Ullrich,et al.  Activation of latent TGF-β by thrombospondin-1: mechanisms and physiology , 2000 .

[7]  Y. Yamada,et al.  Fibulins: Multiple roles in matrix structures and tissue functions , 2009, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.

[8]  A. Della Corte,et al.  Spatial patterns of matrix protein expression in dilated ascending aorta with aortic regurgitation: congenital bicuspid valve versus Marfan's syndrome. , 2006, The Journal of heart valve disease.

[9]  D. Heinegård,et al.  COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein) is structurally related to the thrombospondins. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[10]  A. Munnich,et al.  Isolated supravalvular aortic stenosis: functional haploinsufficiency of the elastin gene as a result of nonsense-mediated decay , 2000, Human Genetics.

[11]  N. Rogers,et al.  The matricellular protein thrombospondin-1 globally regulates cardiovascular function and responses to stress via CD47. , 2012, Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology.

[12]  J. Schwarzbauer,et al.  Fibronectin and stem cell differentiation – lessons from chondrogenesis , 2012, Journal of Cell Science.

[13]  Steven G Wise,et al.  Tropoelastin--a multifaceted naturally smart material. , 2013, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[14]  K. Kadler,et al.  Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Interacts with Type IX Collagen, and Disruptions to These Interactions Identify a Pathogenetic Mechanism in a Bone Dysplasia Family* , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[15]  A. Kassner,et al.  COMP: a candidate molecule in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis with a potential as a disease marker , 2007, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[16]  L. Dürselen,et al.  Effects of mechanical strain on human mesenchymal stem cells and ligament fibroblasts in a textured poly(l-lactide) scaffold for ligament tissue engineering , 2012, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[17]  H. Philippou,et al.  Role of fibrin structure in thrombosis and vascular disease. , 2011, Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology.

[18]  R. Timpl,et al.  Fibulin‐2 expression marks transformed mesenchymal cells in developing cardiac valves, aortic arch vessels, and coronary vessels , 2001, Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.

[19]  Qian Chen,et al.  Dynamics of assembly and reorganization of extracellular matrix proteins. , 2006, Current topics in developmental biology.

[20]  P. Taylor,et al.  Raised circulating tenascin-C in rheumatoid arthritis , 2012, Arthritis Research & Therapy.

[21]  B. Langlois,et al.  Advances in tenascin-C biology , 2011, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.

[22]  D. Strickland,et al.  Binding and degradation of thrombospondin-1 mediated through heparan sulphate proteoglycans and low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein: localization of the functional activity to the trimeric N-terminal heparin-binding region of thrombospondin-1. , 1996, The Biochemical journal.

[23]  Tiansen Li,et al.  Molecular Analysis of Fibulin-5 Function during De Novo Synthesis of Elastic Fibers , 2007, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[24]  D. Mosher,et al.  Homocysteine modifies structural and functional properties of fibronectin and interferes with the fibronectin-fibrillin-1 interaction. , 2011, Biochemistry.

[25]  Qingbo Xu,et al.  Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Calcification by Interacting With Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 , 2011, Circulation research.

[26]  J. Sanes,et al.  A simplified laminin nomenclature. , 2005, Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology.

[27]  M. Rock,et al.  Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein promotes cell attachment via two independent mechanisms involving CD47 and αVβ3 integrin , 2010, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

[28]  R. Iozzo,et al.  Thrombospondins in physiology and disease: new tricks for old dogs. , 2012, Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology.

[29]  M. Raghunath,et al.  Carboxy-terminal conversion of profibrillin to fibrillin at a basic site by PACE/furin-like activity required for incorporation in the matrix. , 1999, Journal of cell science.

[30]  J. Bernal,et al.  A thrombospondin-1 antagonist of transforming growth factor-beta activation blocks cardiomyopathy in rats with diabetes and elevated angiotensin II. , 2007, The American journal of pathology.

[31]  D. Heinegård Fell‐Muir Lecture: Proteoglycans and more – from molecules to biology , 2009, International journal of experimental pathology.

[32]  M. Grounds,et al.  Strength at the extracellular matrix–muscle interface , 2005, Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports.

[33]  É. Allaire,et al.  Local overexpression of TIMP-1 prevents aortic aneurysm degeneration and rupture in a rat model. , 1998, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[34]  C. Kielty,et al.  Proteomic analysis of fibrillin‐rich microfibrils , 2006, Proteomics.

[35]  Andras Czirok,et al.  Elastic fiber formation: A dynamic view of extracellular matrix assembly using timer reporters , 2006, Journal of cellular physiology.

[36]  Youngho Kim,et al.  A Tissue-specific Variant of the Human Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein 3 (LOXL3) Functions as an Amine Oxidase with Substrate Specificity* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[37]  F. Cicchetti,et al.  Immunocytochemical localization of proteoglycans within normal elastin fibers. , 1990, European journal of cell biology.

[38]  K. Tryggvason,et al.  Functional diversity of laminins. , 2012, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[39]  Histochemistry Springer-Verlag A Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study , 1983 .

[40]  M. Sweetwyne,et al.  Thrombospondin1 in tissue repair and fibrosis: TGF-β-dependent and independent mechanisms. , 2012, Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology.

[41]  H. Dietz,et al.  Fibrillin‐rich microfibrils: Structural determinants of morphogenetic and homeostatic events , 2007, Journal of cellular physiology.

[42]  Michael Kjaer,et al.  Role of extracellular matrix in adaptation of tendon and skeletal muscle to mechanical loading. , 2004, Physiological reviews.

[43]  M. Mäki,et al.  Peters’-plus syndrome is a congenital disorder of glycosylation caused by a defect in the β1,3-glucosyltransferase that modifies thrombospondin type 1 repeats , 2009, Annals of medicine.

[44]  Hiroshi Wachi,et al.  Distinct steps of cross-linking, self-association, and maturation of tropoelastin are necessary for elastic fiber formation. , 2007, Journal of molecular biology.

[45]  G. Murrell,et al.  Gene expression changes in SNAP‐stimulated and iNOS‐transfected tenocytes—expression of extracellular matrix genes and its implications for tendon‐healing , 2006, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[46]  M. McKee,et al.  Fibrillin assembly requires fibronectin. , 2008, Molecular biology of the cell.

[47]  R. Hennekam,et al.  Peters Plus Syndrome Is a New Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation and Involves Defective O-Glycosylation of Thrombospondin Type 1 Repeats* , 2008, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[48]  Fumiaki Sato,et al.  Characterization of the molecular interaction between tropoelastin and DANCE/fibulin-5. , 2008, Journal of biochemistry.

[49]  J. Isner,et al.  Regional differences in the distribution of the proteoglycans biglycan and decorin in the extracellular matrix of atherosclerotic and restenotic human coronary arteries. , 1994, The American journal of pathology.

[50]  Jessica E Wagenseil,et al.  Elastin in Large Artery Stiffness and Hypertension , 2012, Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research.

[51]  Adam Byron,et al.  Isolation of Integrin‐Based Adhesion Complexes , 2015, Current protocols in cell biology.

[52]  Josephine C. Adams,et al.  Adhesion-modulating/matricellular ECM protein families: a structural, functional and evolutionary appraisal. , 2012, Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology.

[53]  H. Kosmehl,et al.  Appearance of the myofibroblastic phenotype in Dupuytren's disease is associated with a fibronectin, laminin, collagen type IV and tenascin extracellular matrix. , 1994, Pathobiology : journal of immunopathology, molecular and cellular biology.

[54]  M. Chiquet,et al.  Rapid and reciprocal regulation of tenascin-C and tenascin-Y expression by loading of skeletal muscle. , 2000, Journal of cell science.

[55]  D. Heinegård,et al.  COMP Acts as a Catalyst in Collagen Fibrillogenesis* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[56]  W. Kong,et al.  ADAMTS-7, a novel proteolytic culprit in vascular remodeling. , 2010, Sheng li xue bao : [Acta physiologica Sinica].

[57]  M. Fenchel,et al.  Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (Thrombospondin-5) Is Expressed by Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells , 2001, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[58]  J. Schwarzbauer,et al.  Fibronectin fibrillogenesis, a cell-mediated matrix assembly process. , 2005, Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology.

[59]  D. J. Donaldson,et al.  Fibrinogen-mediated epidermal cell migration: structural correlates for fibrinogen function. , 1989, Journal of cell science.

[60]  Francis L. Munier,et al.  Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) Is a Binding Partner of Epithelial Growth Factor-containing Fibulin-like Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 (EFEMP1) , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[61]  John Parkinson,et al.  Sequences and domain structures of mammalian, avian, amphibian and teleost tropoelastins: Clues to the evolutionary history of elastins. , 2006, Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology.

[62]  D. Heinegård,et al.  The distribution of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in tendon and its variation with tendon site, age and load. , 1997, Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology.

[63]  R. Clark,et al.  Fibronectin and fibrin provide a provisional matrix for epidermal cell migration during wound reepithelialization. , 1982, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[64]  E. Mackie,et al.  Expression of tenascin by vascular smooth muscle cells. Alterations in hypertensive rats and stimulation by angiotensin II. , 1992, The American journal of pathology.

[65]  J. Murphy-Ullrich,et al.  The N-terminus of thrombospondin: the domain stands apart. , 2004, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.

[66]  R. Brekken,et al.  Fibulin-5, an integrin-binding matricellular protein: its function in development and disease , 2009, Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling.

[67]  J. Ferralli,et al.  Phylogenetic analysis of the tenascin gene family: evidence of origin early in the chordate lineage , 2006, BMC Evolutionary Biology.

[68]  S. Puig,et al.  A novel elastin gene mutation resulting in an autosomal dominant form of cutis laxa. , 2004, Archives of dermatology.

[69]  Z. Urban,et al.  Cutis laxa: a review. , 2012, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[70]  J. Tanus-Santos,et al.  Metalloproteinase inhibition ameliorates hypertension and prevents vascular dysfunction and remodeling in renovascular hypertensive rats. , 2008, Atherosclerosis.

[71]  R. Mecham,et al.  Structure and expression of fibrillin-2, a novel microfibrillar component preferentially located in elastic matrices , 1994, The Journal of cell biology.

[72]  Y. Fung,et al.  Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues , 1981 .

[73]  M. Paulsson,et al.  Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is an abundant component of tendon , 1994, FEBS letters.

[74]  E. Davis,et al.  Unraveling the mechanism of elastic fiber assembly: The roles of short fibulins. , 2010, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.

[75]  J. Hecht,et al.  The role of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in skeletal disease. , 2008, Current drug targets.

[76]  R. Mecham Overview of Extracellular Matrix , 1998, Current protocols in cell biology.

[77]  Matthias Chiquet,et al.  Tenascin interferes with fibronectin action , 1988, Cell.

[78]  T. Schoeb,et al.  Blockade of TSP1-dependent TGF-β activity reduces renal injury and proteinuria in a murine model of diabetic nephropathy. , 2011, The American journal of pathology.

[79]  D. Heinegård,et al.  Increased cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentrations in equine digital flexor tendon sheath synovial fluid predicts intrathecal tendon damage. , 2011, Veterinary surgery.

[80]  E. Russo,et al.  New evidence for a critical role of elastin in calcification of native heart valves: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study with literature review , 2011, Histopathology.

[81]  Attila Kovacs,et al.  Developmental adaptation of the mouse cardiovascular system to elastin haploinsufficiency. , 2003, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[82]  J. Schwarzbauer,et al.  Tenascin-C modulates matrix contraction via focal adhesion kinase- and Rho-mediated signaling pathways. , 2002, Molecular biology of the cell.

[83]  R. Mecham,et al.  Vascular extracellular matrix and arterial mechanics. , 2009, Physiological reviews.

[84]  Anthony S Weiss,et al.  Heparan sulphate interacts with tropoelastin, with some tropoelastin peptides and is present in human dermis elastic fibers. , 2005, Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology.

[85]  J. Miner,et al.  Laminin functions in tissue morphogenesis. , 2004, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[86]  Takeshi Kimura,et al.  Fibulin-4 conducts proper elastogenesis via interaction with cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[87]  S. Brooks,et al.  Age-related changes in structure and extracellular matrix protein expression levels in rat tendons , 2013, AGE.

[88]  Eun-Cheol Kim,et al.  The human lysyl oxidase-like 2 protein functions as an amine oxidase toward collagen and elastin , 2010, Molecular Biology Reports.

[89]  D. Heinegård,et al.  Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Shows High Affinity Zinc-dependent Interaction with Triple Helical Collagen* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[90]  F. Keeley,et al.  Altered elastin and collagen synthesis associated with progressive pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline. A biochemical and ultrastructural study. , 1988, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[91]  P. Robinson,et al.  The fibrillin-1 hypomorphic mgR/mgR murine model of Marfan syndrome shows severe elastolysis in all segments of the aorta. , 2013, Journal of vascular surgery.

[92]  J. Takagi,et al.  The RGD motif in fibronectin is essential for development but dispensable for fibril assembly , 2007, The Journal of cell biology.

[93]  D. Edward,et al.  Atypical Peters plus syndrome with new associations. , 2010, Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

[94]  Dean Y. Li,et al.  Elastin is an essential determinant of arterial morphogenesis , 1998, Nature.

[95]  R. Mecham,et al.  Deposition of tropoelastin into the extracellular matrix requires a competent elastic fiber scaffold but not live cells. , 2004, Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology.

[96]  T. Chikama,et al.  Abnormal deposition of laminin and type IV collagen at corneal epithelial basement membrane during wound healing in diabetic rats. , 1999, Japanese journal of ophthalmology.

[97]  R. Tucker,et al.  The regulation of tenascin expression by tissue microenvironments. , 2009, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[98]  K. Kadler,et al.  Tendon Is Covered by a Basement Membrane Epithelium That Is Required for Cell Retention and the Prevention of Adhesion Formation , 2011, PloS one.

[99]  Jiangang Gao,et al.  Elastic fiber homeostasis requires lysyl oxidase–like 1 protein , 2004, Nature Genetics.

[100]  J. Schittny,et al.  Mechano-regulated Tenascin-C orchestrates muscle repair , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[101]  M. Rabinovitch,et al.  67-kD elastin-binding protein is a protective "companion" of extracellular insoluble elastin and intracellular tropoelastin , 1994, The Journal of cell biology.

[102]  R. Doolittle,et al.  Designation of sequences involved in the "coiled-coil" interdomainal connections in fibrinogen: constructions of an atomic scale model. , 1978, Journal of molecular biology.

[103]  J. Spring,et al.  Tenascin-Y: a protein of novel domain structure is secreted by differentiated fibroblasts of muscle connective tissue , 1996, The Journal of cell biology.

[104]  D. Heinegård,et al.  Immunolocalization of Collagens (I and III) and Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein in the Normal and Injured Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon , 2012, Connective tissue research.

[105]  J. Weisel,et al.  Role of factor XIII in fibrin clot formation and effects of genetic polymorphisms. , 2002, Blood.

[106]  M. Steinmetz,et al.  Laminin chain assembly is regulated by specific coiled-coil interactions , 2010, Journal of structural biology.

[107]  Joshua D. Wythe,et al.  A critical role for elastin signaling in vascular morphogenesis and disease , 2003, Development.

[108]  P. Jones,et al.  The tenascin family of ECM glycoproteins: Structure, function, and regulation during embryonic development and tissue remodeling , 2000, Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.

[109]  L. Lohmander,et al.  Tenascin-C levels in synovial fluid are elevated after injury to the human and canine joint and correlate with markers of inflammation and matrix degradation. , 2013, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[110]  SE Greenwald,et al.  Ageing of the conduit arteries , 2007, The Journal of pathology.

[111]  M. Jinnin,et al.  Constitutive thrombospondin-1 overexpression contributes to autocrine transforming growth factor-beta signaling in cultured scleroderma fibroblasts. , 2005, The American journal of pathology.

[112]  R. Timpl,et al.  Fibulin‐1 and fibulin‐2 expression during organogenesis in the developing mouse embryo , 1996, Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.

[113]  Fred W. Keeley,et al.  Structural disorder and dynamics of elastin. , 2010, Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire.

[114]  M. Neerman-Arbez,et al.  Fibrinogen gene regulation , 2012, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[115]  R. Guthoff,et al.  Ausgeprägte intrakorneale Keloidbildung bei Peters-Plus-Syndrom und bei einer Maximalvariante der Peters-Anomalie , 2010, Der Ophthalmologe.

[116]  M. Tassabehji,et al.  An elastin gene mutation producing abnormal tropoelastin and abnormal elastic fibres in a patient with autosomal dominant cutis laxa. , 1998, Human molecular genetics.

[117]  D. Roberts,et al.  Pro-adhesive and Chemotactic Activities of Thrombospondin-1 for Breast Carcinoma Cells Are Mediated by α3β1 Integrin and Regulated by Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and CD98* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[118]  K. Csiszȧr,et al.  Lysyl oxidases: a novel multifunctional amine oxidase family. , 2001, Progress in nucleic acid research and molecular biology.

[119]  C. Daniel,et al.  Correlation of enhanced thrombospondin-1 expression, TGF-β signalling and proteinuria in human type-2 diabetic nephropathy , 2008, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[120]  E. Lakatta,et al.  Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the thickened intima of aged rats. , 1999, Hypertension.

[121]  H. Okamoto,et al.  Matricellular proteins: new molecular targets to prevent heart failure. , 2012, Cardiovascular therapeutics.

[122]  I. Campbell,et al.  Fibronectin structure and assembly. , 1994, Current opinion in cell biology.

[123]  D. Siegel,et al.  Myofibroblast phenotype and apoptosis in keloid and palmar fibroblasts in vitro , 2000, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[124]  A. Sahni,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor binds to fibrinogen and fibrin and stimulates endothelial cell proliferation. , 2000, Blood.

[125]  D. Keene,et al.  Fibrillins Can Co-assemble in Fibrils, but Fibrillin Fibril Composition Displays Cell-specific Differences* , 2003, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[126]  K. Imanaka-Yoshida Tenascin-C in Cardiovascular Tissue Remodeling , 2012 .

[127]  H. Wolinsky,et al.  Response of the Rat Aortic Media to Hypertension: Morphological and Chemical Studies , 1970, Circulation research.

[128]  T. Kita,et al.  Fibulin-5/DANCE has an elastogenic organizer activity that is abrogated by proteolytic cleavage in vivo , 2007, The Journal of cell biology.

[129]  A. McMichael,et al.  Structural and functional properties of the human notch-1 ligand binding region. , 2004, Structure.

[130]  J. Moyano,et al.  Interference of tenascin-C with syndecan-4 binding to fibronectin blocks cell adhesion and stimulates tumor cell proliferation. , 2001, Cancer research.

[131]  A. Weiss,et al.  Coacervation of tropoelastin. , 2011, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[132]  N. Rogers,et al.  Activated CD47 regulates multiple vascular and stress responses: implications for acute kidney injury and its management. , 2012, American journal of physiology. Renal physiology.

[133]  P. Robinson,et al.  The molecular genetics of Marfan syndrome and related disorders , 2006, Journal of Medical Genetics.

[134]  W. Pearce,et al.  Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in aneurysms and normal aorta. , 1997, Surgery.

[135]  Harold P. Erickson,et al.  2.0 Å Crystal Structure of a Four-Domain Segment of Human Fibronectin Encompassing the RGD Loop and Synergy Region , 1996, Cell.

[136]  H. Langberg,et al.  Sequenced response of extracellular matrix deadhesion and fibrotic regulators after muscle damage is involved in protection against future injury in human skeletal muscle , 2011, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[137]  A. Sahni,et al.  Binding of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor to Fibrinogen and Fibrin* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[138]  K. Peter,et al.  GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors: From bench to bedside and back to bench again , 2012, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[139]  S. Goldblum,et al.  Thrombospondin-1 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins and regulates an endothelial paracellular pathway. , 1999, Molecular biology of the cell.

[140]  M. Järvinen,et al.  Mechanical loading regulates the expression of tenascin-C in the myotendinous junction and tendon but does not induce de novo synthesis in the skeletal muscle , 2003, Journal of Cell Science.