Policies for the Development and Transfer of Eco-Innovations: Lessons from the Literature

Along with the recent success of economic growth in the developing world comes more pollution. Reducing these emissions while still enabling these countries to grow requires the use of new technologies in these countries. In most cases, these technologies are first created in high-income countries. Thus, the challenge for environmental policy is to encourage the transfer of these environmentally-friendly technologies to the developing world. This paper reviews the economic literature on both the creation and transfer of environmental technologies, with an emphasis on how the development of new technologies in leading economies can lead to environmental improvements in developing countries. I begin by discussing the incentives for environmentally-friendly innovation, which occurs primarily in developed countries. I then review the literature on the transfer of these technologies to the developing world. A key point is that technology diffusion is gradual. Early adoption of policy by developed countries leads to the development of new technologies that make it easier for developing countries to reduce pollution as well. Globalization also plays an important role in moving clean technologies to developing countries. Since clean technologies are first developed in the world’s leading economies, international trade and foreign investments provide access to these technologies. Finally, the absorptive capacity of nations is important. The technological skills of the local workforce enable a country to learn from, and build upon, technologies brought in from abroad. I conclude by discussing the implication of these lessons for policy, focusing on three examples pertaining to climate change: the Clean Development Mechanism, the role of intellectual property, and government-sponsored R&D. La croissance economique recente dans les pays en developpement s’accompagne d’un accroissement de la pollution. Pour reduire ces emissions tout en se developpant, ces pays devront utiliser de nouvelles technologies. Le plus souvent, ces technologies emaneront de pays developpes. Ainsi, un defi des politiques environnementales est d’encourager le transfert de technologies propres vers les pays en developpement. Cet article passe en revue la litterature economique sur la creation et le transfert des technologies environnementales. Il met l’accent sur les liens entre le developpement de ces technologies dans les pays developpes et l’amelioration de la performance environnementale des pays en developpement. Je commence par discuter les incitations a l’innovation favorable a l’environnement, qui se situe essentiellement dans les pays developpes. Ensuite, j’analyse la litterature qui traite du transfert de ces technologies vers les pays en developpement. Un resultat majeur est que la diffusion de ces technologies est graduelle. Lorsque les pays developpes adoptent une politique environnementale, cela peut induire le developpement de nouvelles technologies qui vont rendre plus facile la reduction des pollutions dans les pays en developpement. La mondialisation joue un role important dans le transfert de technologies vers les pays en developpement. Dans la mesure ou les technologies propres emanent d’abord des pays developpes, le commerce international et les investissements internationaux donnent acces a ces technologies. Enfin, la capacite d’une economie a absorber le progres technique est un facteur important. Les competences technologiques de la main-d’œuvre locale permettent a un pays d’apprendre et d’exploiter des technologies importees de l’etranger. En guise de conclusion, je discute les consequences de ces resultats pour les politiques publiques, en me focalisant sur trois exemples dans le domaine de la lutte contre le changement climatique : le mecanisme de developpement propre, le role de la propriete intellectuelle et l’aide publique a la R&D.

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