BB mixing: A review of recent progress

Abstract In view of the recent measurements of relatively large B0d B 0d mixing and the subsequent theoretical activity, we review the subject of B B mixing. We sumarize the constraints on the standard model that are imposed, and also discuss B B mixing in some “minimal” extensions of the standard model, such as supersymmetry and two Higgs doublet models. We discuss some of the predictions and outcomes of the mixing results, for example, severe constraints on quark mass matrix schemes such as those of Fritzsch and Stech. We conclude by considering how new measurements can contribute further information.

[1]  T. Aliev,et al.  Leptonic decay constants of the pseudoscalar D and B mesons , 1983 .

[2]  V. Barger,et al.  Dilepton signatures for B0B0 mixing and the t-quark at pp colliders , 1984 .

[3]  Y. Nir,et al.  B-B̄ mixing and relations among quark masses, angles and phases , 1987 .

[4]  Ferguson,et al.  Gamma (b-->ul nu )/ Gamma (b-->cl nu ) from the end point of the lepton momentum spectrum in semileptonic B decay. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[5]  D. Amidei,et al.  Upper limit on B0B0 mixing in e+e− annihilation at 29 GeV☆ , 1985 .

[6]  C. Lim,et al.  Effects of Superheavy Quarks and Leptons in Low-Energy Weak Processes KL-> Formula, K+-> + Formula and K0 Formula0 , 1981 .

[7]  Du,et al.  Implications of large Bd0-B-bard0 mixing. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[8]  A. A. Ansel'm,et al.  On the Kobayashi-Maskawa model with four generations , 1985 .

[9]  A. Buras,et al.  B-Meson decay, CPviolation, mixing angles and the top quark mass , 1984 .

[10]  Gilman,et al.  Restrictions on two-Higgs-doublet models from heavy-quark systems. , 1985, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[11]  P. Langacker,et al.  Supersymmetric Particles and the $\Delta I = 1/2$ Rule , 1984 .

[12]  L. Hall,et al.  CP Violation in the Minimal N=1 Supergravity Theory , 1985 .

[13]  M. B. Gavela,et al.  Bd0 transitions in N = 1 supergravity , 1985 .

[14]  J. Hagelin Mass mixing and CP violation in the B0-B0 system , 1981 .

[15]  N. Cabibbo Unitary Symmetry and Leptonic Decays , 1963 .

[16]  L. Abbott,et al.  Constraints on charged-Higgs-boson couplings , 1980 .

[17]  O. C. Allkofer,et al.  Search for B0−B¯0 oscillations at the CERN proton-antiproton collider , 1987 .

[18]  W. R. Frisken,et al.  Observation of B0-B0 mixing , 1987 .

[19]  J. Lykken,et al.  Supergravity as the messenger of supersymmetry breaking , 1983 .

[20]  N. Cabibbo,et al.  Leptonic decay of heavy flavors: A theoretical update , 1982 .

[21]  S. Treiman,et al.  CP Violation in Charmed Particle Decays , 1975 .

[22]  A. Raychaudhuri,et al.  Super Kobayashi-Maskawa CP-violation , 1984 .

[23]  A. Buras,et al.  The B parameter beyond the leading order of the 1/n expansion , 1988 .

[24]  Cheng,et al.  B decays without final-state charm particles and CP noninvariance. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[25]  P. G. Verdini,et al.  Additional evidence for B0B̄0 mixing , 1988 .

[26]  P. Langacker,et al.  CP-Violation and the KL-KS mass difference in supersymmetric models , 1984 .

[27]  H. Fritzsch Flavour mixing and the internal structure of the quark mass matrix , 1986 .

[28]  M. Shin Fourth family quark masses, B0B0 mixing, and rare decay modes, in a canonical structure of the 4×4 km matrix , 1988 .

[29]  A. Salam,et al.  Lepton Number as the Fourth Color , 1974 .

[30]  G. Ecker,et al.  CP violation and left-right symmetry , 1985 .

[31]  B. Stech Quark Masses, Charged Current Mixing Angles and CP Violation , 1983 .

[32]  H. Fritzsch Calculating the Cabibbo angle , 1977 .

[33]  S. Ferrara,et al.  Gauge models with spontaneously broken local supersymmetry , 1982 .

[34]  G. Ecker,et al.  Higgs-induced flavour changing neutral interactions in SU(2)L × SU(2)R × U(1) , 1983 .

[35]  I. Bigi,et al.  CP violation in heavy flavor decays: Predictions and search strategies , 1987 .

[36]  G. Eigen,et al.  Semileptonic decay of the B meson , 1983 .

[37]  Grinstein,et al.  Weak mixing angles from semileptonic decays in the quark model. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[38]  E. Paschos,et al.  Weak interactions in six- and eight-quark models , 1980 .

[39]  J. Hagelin,et al.  Implications of recent measurements of B meson mixing and ϵ′/ϵK , 1987 .

[40]  C. Dominguez Leptonic Decay Constants of Charm and Beauty Mesons in QCD: An Update , 1987, hep-ph/9309260.

[41]  J. Ellis,et al.  The gravitino and spin-zero boson masses , 1982 .

[42]  Villa,et al.  Direct measurement of charmed D+ and D0 semileptonic branching ratios. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[43]  G. Senjanovic,et al.  Exact Left-Right Symmetry and Spontaneous Violation of Parity , 1975 .

[44]  L. Angelini,et al.  Nailing Down the KM matrix and the top quark mass , 1987 .

[45]  F. Gilman,et al.  Restrictions from the neutral K and B meson systems on left-right-symmetric gauge theories , 1984 .

[46]  Makoto Kobayashi,et al.  CP Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction , 1973 .

[47]  M. J. Duncan,et al.  The supersymmetric QCD and KL-KS mass difference , 1984 .

[48]  Alam,et al.  Limits on B0 anti-B0 Mixing and tau (B0) / tau (b+) , 1986 .

[49]  B. Holstein,et al.  The ΔS = 2 matrix element for K0−K̄0 mixing , 1982 .

[50]  J. Ellis,et al.  Flavour-changing neutral interactions in broken supersymmetric theories , 1982 .

[51]  K. Olive,et al.  Primordial nucleosynthesis: a critical comparison of theory and observation , 1984 .

[52]  I. Bigi,et al.  Notes on the observability of CP violations in B decays , 1981 .

[53]  S. Glashow,et al.  A light top quark after all , 1987 .

[54]  R. Kass,et al.  Upper limit on flavor-changing neutral-current decays of the b quark , 1984 .

[55]  L. Wolfenstein Parametrization of the Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix , 1983 .

[56]  I. Bigi,et al.  B 0 -B̄ 0 mixing and violations of CP symmetry , 1984 .

[57]  H. Nilles,et al.  Flavour changes in locally supersymmetric theories , 1983 .

[58]  J. Maalampi,et al.  The standard model confronted with B0−B̄0 mixing , 1987 .

[59]  J. Kaplan,et al.  On flavor mixing in broken supergravity , 1984 .

[60]  G. Senjanovic,et al.  Strangeness Changing Processes and the Limit on the Right-handed Gauge Boson Mass , 1983 .

[61]  A. Masiero,et al.  Supersymmetric enhancement of non-charmed B-decays , 1987 .

[62]  J. Ellis,et al.  Primodal nucleosynthesis, additional neutrinos and neutral currents from the superstring , 1986 .

[63]  Y. Nir An analysis of quark mass matrices and B-B mixing , 1988 .

[64]  M. Gronau,et al.  Can a four-generation “Fritzsch” model with a light top quark explain BdB̄d mixing? , 1988 .

[65]  R. Mohapatra,et al.  Left-Right Gauge Symmetry and an Isoconjugate Model of CP Violation , 1975 .

[66]  M. J. Duncan Generalised cabibbo angles in supersymmetric gauge theories , 1983 .

[67]  U. Türke,et al.  Charged Current Couplings and the Physics of $B$ Mesons , 1984 .

[68]  U. Türke,et al.  Consequences of observed BdBd mixing in standard and nonstandard models , 1987 .

[69]  K. Olive,et al.  A reexamination of the cosmological bound to the number of neutrino flavors , 1986 .

[70]  Johnson,et al.  Model for maximal CP nonconservation. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[71]  H. Fritzsch Weak Interaction Mixing in the Six - Quark Theory , 1978 .

[72]  H. Krasemann Potential model estimates of fV and fPS , 1980 .

[73]  H. K. Ticho,et al.  Semileptonic decays on the D meson , 1979 .

[74]  Godfrey M0-M-bar0 matrix elements in a relativized quark model. , 1986, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[75]  Romero,et al.  Observation of B production in e+e- interactions above the b-flavor threshold. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[76]  Borzumati,et al.  QCD enhancement of radiative B decays. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[77]  M. Gaillard,et al.  Rare Decay Modes of the K-Mesons in Gauge Theories , 1974 .

[78]  E. Shuryak Hadrons containing a heavy quark and QCD sum rules , 1982 .

[79]  A. Masiero,et al.  B0 − B̄0 mixing and related CP violation in supersymmetric models , 1987 .

[80]  D. Nanopoulos,et al.  Aspects of CP Violation in Supersymmetric Theories , 1985 .

[81]  Steven Weinberg,et al.  Natural conservation laws for neutral currents , 1977 .

[82]  Shapiro,et al.  $K^{*0}$ and $K^0_s$ meson production in $e^+e^-$ annihilations at 29-GeV , 1984 .

[83]  C. Jarlskog,et al.  Signatures of B0s-B−0s mixings in pp and e+e− collisions , 1984 .

[84]  Bjorken,et al.  CP-violating lepton asymmetry due to B-B-bar mixing. , 1988, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[85]  F. Halzen,et al.  Is a low-mass top quark ruled out? , 1987 .

[86]  D. Nanopoulos,et al.  Bottom Lifetime, Top Mass And Cp Violation In Supersymmetric Theories. , 1984 .

[87]  J. Baines,et al.  A measurement of the electroweak induced charge asymmetry in e+e−→bb̄ , 1984 .

[88]  R. Mohapatra,et al.  "Natural" left-right symmetry , 1975 .

[89]  R. Arnowitt,et al.  Locally Supersymmetric Grand Unification , 1982 .

[90]  C. Lim,et al.  Effects of Superheavy Quarks and Leptons in Low-Energy Weak Processes KL→µµ̅, K+→π+νν̅ and K0↔K̅0 , 1981 .

[91]  J. J. Becker,et al.  Search for the decay D+'+ and an upper limit on the pseudoscalar decay constant , 1988 .

[92]  J. Ellis,et al.  On the weak decays of high-mass hadrons , 1975 .

[93]  I. Have,et al.  Bounds on the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements |Vtd| and |Vts| from experiments on B0−B̄0 mixings , 1987 .

[94]  A. M. Din,et al.  An exact solution of the Jackiw-Rebbi equations for a fermion-monopole-Higgs system , 1983 .

[95]  W. Hou,et al.  Does Bd and Bs mixing require the existence of a fourth generation , 1987 .

[96]  Albright,et al.  Three-family Fritzsch and Stech models with minimal and two-doublet Higgs structures. , 1988, Physical Review D, Particles and fields.

[97]  Mahiko. Suzuki ƒB is not larger than ƒπ: determination of the B decay constant from the B∗-B mass difference , 1985 .

[98]  L. S. Durkin,et al.  Comprehensive analysis of data pertaining to the weak neutral current and the intermediate-vector-boson masses. , 1987, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[99]  S. Narison Decay constants of the B and D mesons from QCD-duality sum rules , 1987 .

[100]  A. Pich,et al.  K-K mixing in the standard model , 1985 .

[101]  G. Senjanovic,et al.  Neutrino Mass and Spontaneous Parity Nonconservation , 1980 .

[102]  H. Nilles,et al.  Weak interaction breakdown induced by supergravity , 1983 .

[103]  A. Buras,et al.  B0 − B0 mixing, CP violation and the B-meson decay , 1984 .

[104]  D. Wyler,et al.  The effect of Bd0d0 mixing on searches for CP violation , 1987 .

[105]  F. Gilman,et al.  Bounds on charged higgs properties from CP violation , 1985 .

[106]  E. Paschos,et al.  Diagonal Neutral Currents , 1977 .

[107]  G. Senjanovic,et al.  Neutrino Masses and Mixings in Gauge Models with Spontaneous Parity Violation , 1981 .

[108]  T. Han,et al.  Bd0−B̄0d oscillations and the top quark mass , 1987 .

[109]  M. Mangano,et al.  CP and flavour non-conservation in softly broken supersymmetric theories , 1984 .

[110]  A. Soni,et al.  Constraint on the Mass Scale of a Left-Right Symmetric Electroweak Theory from the K(L) K(S) Mass Difference , 1982 .

[111]  I. Bigi,et al.  From a new smell to a new flavour mixing, CP violation and new physics , 1987 .

[112]  M. Shin The phenomenological predictions of Fritzsch-type quark mass matrices and the underlying structure of particle physics beyond the standard model , 1984 .

[113]  I. Dunietz,et al.  Time-dependent CP-violation effects in B0-B-bar 0 systems. , 1986, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[114]  H. Haber,et al.  The Fermion Mass Scale and Possible Effects of Higgs Bosons on Experimental Observables , 1979 .

[115]  J. Ellis,et al.  Neutral currents within beyond the standard model , 1988 .

[116]  Lee-Franzini,et al.  Where are the BB̄ mixing effects observable in the Υ region , 1985 .