Illumination and sustainable development Part II: Implementing lighting efficiency programs

In Part I of this article, we considered the technology and economics of alternative lighting systems, both electric and fuel based, demonstrating that there are ample and cost-effective opportunities for energy savings. In this second and final part, we consider some of the barriers that hinder the implementation of energy-efficient lighting. These barriers may be overcome by measures such as minimum efficiency standards, both voluntary and mandatory, assistance in building design, financial incentives, and subsidies. A number of programs in different countries have incorporated these measures successfully to promote energy-efficient lighting. We describe in some detail programs designed to promote the diffusion of compact fluorescent lamps. Roughly a third of the world's population today does not have access to electric lighting. There are no practical alternatives among non-fuel lighting that are resource efficient and produce an adequate amount of light. We take a brief look at the options for making electricity available where it is currently not available for lighting: an alternative to extending the grid is decentralized generation, using diesel, producer gas, or biogas. Where biogas is being considered we show that it is far better to use it to generate electricity (for lighting) than to use it in gas mantle lamps. One electric lighting option is the use of rechargeable battery operated fluorescent lanterns that can be charged using a photovoltaic panel.