Plant response to changes in disturbance magnitude

In this thesis, I investigate plant performance in semi-natural grasslands, in order to be able to predict species composition after a change in management (from mowing to rototilling). Empirical studies were done at two different levels. On the community level population response due to a change in management is presented without explaining the underlying processes. Although investigations into the regeneration potential of all characteristic semi-natural grassland species can account for plant community response after disturbance, only life-cycle analysis for individual species, based on the observations of individuals within that species, can link population dynamics and environmental factors and hence provide useful insights into the underlying pattern and mechanisms. In this study, plant response of focal species after disturbance is extrapolated in time using simulation models, and population survival/extinction is forecasted for given disturbance return intervals.

[1]  D. Magda,et al.  Prediction of cutting effects on a population of Chaerophyllum aureum– a demographic approach , 2000 .

[2]  I. R. Noble,et al.  What are functional types and how should we seek them , 1997 .

[3]  E. Salisbury,et al.  The reproductive capacity of plants : studies in quantitative biology , 1942 .

[4]  Roderick Hunt,et al.  The abridged comparative plant ecology , 1990 .

[5]  Roger D. Cousens,et al.  Can we determine the intrinsic dynamics of real plant populations , 1995 .

[6]  K. Soundararajan,et al.  Nonvanishing of quadratic Dirichlet L-functions at s=1/2 , 1999 .

[7]  Roy A. Sanderson,et al.  Soil seed banks and the effects of meadow management on vegetation change in a 10‐year meadow field trial , 2002 .

[8]  Scott Ferson,et al.  Sensitivity analysis for models of population viability , 1995 .

[9]  M. Hill,et al.  Data analysis in community and landscape ecology , 1987 .

[10]  Tsuyoshi Kobayashi,et al.  Variations in size structure, growth and reproduction in Japanese plantain (Plantago asiatica L.) between exposed and shaded populations , 2001 .

[11]  W. Platt,et al.  Tree population responses to hurricane disturbance: syndromes in a south-eastern USA old-growth forest , 2003 .

[12]  Marc Kéry,et al.  Effects of life‐state on detectability in a demographic study of the terrestrial orchid Cleistes bifaria , 2003 .

[13]  L. Klimeš,et al.  CLO-PLA2 – a database of clonal plants in central Europe , 1999, Plant Ecology.

[14]  Ilkka Hanski,et al.  Spatially realistic theory of metapopulation ecology , 2001, Naturwissenschaften.

[15]  Modelling community dynamics of a Quercus coccifera L. garrigue in relation to fire using Markov chains , 1993 .

[16]  C. D. Maxwell,et al.  Factors affecting establishment and survival of Soliva (Onehunga weed) at Auckland, New Zealand , 1986 .

[17]  H. Mooney,et al.  Community changes following shrub invasion of grassland , 1986, Oecologia.

[18]  André Bouchard,et al.  Landscape issues in plant ecology , 2002 .

[19]  David B. Lindenmayer,et al.  Ranking Conservation and Timber Management Options for Leadbeater's Possum in Southeastern Australia Using Population Viability Analysis , 1996 .

[20]  M. Hutchings.  The population biology of the early spider orchid, Ophrys sphegodes Mill I. A demographic study from 1975 to 1984 , 1987 .

[21]  N. Shigesada,et al.  Modeling Stratified Diffusion in Biological Invasions , 1995, The American Naturalist.

[22]  F. A. Bazzaz,et al.  Plants in Changing Environments. , 1997 .

[23]  Hans Joachim Poethke,et al.  MOSAIK: Semi-open pasture and ley — a research project on keeping the cultural landscape open , 2002 .

[24]  M. Hermy,et al.  THE POTENTIAL OF SOIL SEEDBANKS IN THE ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF GRASSLAND AND HEATHLAND COMMUNITIES , 2003 .

[25]  M. Burgman,et al.  Modelling the persistence of an apparently immortal Banksia species after fire and land clearing , 1999 .

[26]  Ingrid M. Parker,et al.  Evaluating approaches to the conservation of rare and endangered plants , 1994 .

[27]  J. P. Grime,et al.  Comparative Plant Ecology , 1988, Springer Netherlands.

[28]  S. Higgins,et al.  Validation of a spatial simulation model of a spreading alien plant population , 2001 .

[29]  David W. Macdonald,et al.  Modelling the effects of mink and habitat fragmentation on the water vole , 2000 .

[30]  H. Caswell,et al.  A demographic study of an annual grass (Andropogon brevifolius Schwarz) in burnt and unburnt Savanna , 1994 .

[31]  J. Bakker,et al.  Ecological correlates of seed persistence in soil in the north‐west European flora , 1998 .

[32]  R. W. Kimmerer.  Disturbance and Dominance in Tetraphis pellucida: A Model of Disturbance Frequency and Reproductive Mode , 1993 .

[33]  S. Weller.  Plant Reproductive Ecology.Mary F. Willson , 1984 .

[34]  J. Lepš,et al.  Equivalence of competitor effects and tradeoff between vegetative multiplication and generative reproduction: case study with Lychnis flos-cuculi and Myosotis nemorosa , 2004 .

[35]  J. Metz,et al.  Life history tactics of annual organisms: The joint effects of dispersal and delayed germination , 1987 .

[36]  Eric S. Menges,et al.  Population Viability Analysis for an Endangered Plant , 1990 .

[37]  Peter J. Bellingham,et al.  Resprouting as a life history strategy in woody plant communities , 2000 .

[38]  Peter Kareiva,et al.  Conservation biology: for the coming decade. , 1998 .

[39]  Martin Drechsler.  A model-based decision aid for species protection under uncertainty , 2000 .

[40]  T. Blake.  Coppice systems for short-rotation intensive forestry: the influence of cultural, seasonal and plant factors. , 1983 .

[41]  Amy W. Ando,et al.  On the Use of Demographic Models of Population Viability in Endangered Species Management , 1998 .

[42]  H. Dietz,et al.  Age-determination of Dicotyledonous Herbaceous Perennials by Means of Annual Rings: Exception or Rule? , 1997 .

[43]  C. Baskin,et al.  The ecological life cycle of Thlaspi perfoliatum and a comparison with published studies on Thlaspi arvense , 1979 .

[44]  M. Rees.  Evolutionary ecology of seed dormancy and seed size , 1996 .

[45]  T. Hovestadt,et al.  Variability in dispersal distances generates typical successional patterns: a simple simulation model , 2000 .

[46]  P. Poschlod,et al.  Population processes at the grassland-scrub interface , 1997 .

[47]  S. Kalisz.  Experimental Determination of Seed Bank Age Structure in the Winter Annual Collinsia Verna , 1991 .

[48]  O. Eriksson,et al.  Dynamics of genets in cluonal plants. , 1993, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[49]  Jitka Klimesoaand LeosKlimes.  Resprouting of herbs in disturbed habitats: is it adequately described by Bellingham- Sparrow's model? , 2003 .

[50]  V. Brown,et al.  Spring grazing by sheep: effects on seasonal changes during early old field succession , 1987, Vegetatio.

[51]  C. M. Karssen,et al.  Redefining seed dormancy: an attempt to integrate physiology and ecology , 1995 .

[52]  J. P. Grime,et al.  Evidence for the Existence of Three Primary Strategies in Plants and Its Relevance to Ecological and Evolutionary Theory , 1977, The American Naturalist.

[53]  M. Schwartz,et al.  Why Plant Population Viability Assessment , 2003 .

[54]  M. McPeek,et al.  Extinction dynamics, population growth and seed banks , 1993, Oecologia.

[55]  J. Lepš,et al.  Regeneration of a Gentiana pneumonanthe population in an oligotrophic wet meadow , 1996 .

[56]  D. Whigham,et al.  A model of patch dynamics, seed dispersal, and sex ratio in the dioecious shrub Lindera benzoin (Lauraceae) , 1994 .

[57]  O. Eriksson,et al.  Population dynamics and the effect of disturbance in the monocarpic herb Carlina vulgaris (Asteraceae). , 2000 .

[58]  P. Haase.  Spatial pattern analysis in ecology based on Ripley's K-function: Introduction and methods of edge correction , 1995 .

[59]  P. Poschlod.  Die Dauerhaftigkeit von Diasporenbanken in Böden und deren Bedeutung für den Arten- und Biotopschutz am Beispiel von Kalkmagerrasenstandorten , 1993 .

[60]  Dispersal and chaos in spatially structured models : an individual-level approach , 1996 .

[61]  J. Bakker,et al.  An improved method for seed-bank analysis : Seedling emergence after removing the soil by sieving , 1996 .

[62]  H. Ellenberg.  Unkrautgemeinschaften als Zeiger für Klima und Boden , 1950 .

[63]  L. Lawlor,et al.  Delayed germination and dispersal in desert annuals: Escape in space and time , 2004, Oecologia.

[64]  J. Sarukhán.  Studies of plant demography : Ranunculus repens L., R. bulbosus L. and R. acris L. II. Reproductive strategies and seed population dynamics , 1974 .

[65]  P. Poschlod,et al.  Untersuchungen zur Diasporenbank von Samenpflanzen auf beweideten, gemähten, brachgefallenen und aufgeforsteten Kalkmagerrasenstandorten , 1991 .

[66]  Jonathan Silvertown,et al.  Gaps in the canopy: the missing dimension in vegetation dynamics , 1988 .

[67]  L. Mucina,et al.  Fine‐scale spatial population patterns and mobility of winter‐annual herbs in a dry grassland , 1997 .

[68]  K. Thompson,et al.  Establishment from seed of selected Umbelliferae in unmanaged grassland , 1992 .

[69]  R. Hunt,et al.  Herbaceous plant strategies in disturbed habitats , 2001 .

[70]  R. Busing,et al.  Disturbance and the Population Dynamics of Liriodendron Tulipifera: Simulations with a Spatial Model of Forest Succession , 1995 .

[71]  Daniel Gagnon,et al.  Population Viability Analysis of American Ginseng and Wild Leek Harvested in Stochastic Environments , 1996 .

[72]  José Luis González-Andújar,et al.  Models for the herbicidal control of the seed bank of Avena sterilis : the effects of spatial and temporal heterogeneity and of dispersal , 1995 .

[73]  Juli G. Pausas,et al.  Responses of Mediterranean Plant Species to different fire frequencies in Garraf Natural Park (Catalonia, Spain): field observations and modelling predictions. , 2003, Plant Ecology.

[74]  J. Bakker,et al.  THE ROLE OF THE SEED BANK IN RESTORATION MANAGEMENT OF SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLANDS , 1991 .

[75]  H. de Kroon,et al.  Effects of fine‐scale disturbances on the demography and population dynamics of the clonal moss Hylocomium splendens , 2001 .

[76]  Peter Poschlod,et al.  Challenges for the conservation of calcareous grasslands in northwestern Europe: integrating the requirements of flora and fauna , 2002 .

[77]  D. Tilman.  Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. (MPB-26), Volume 26 , 1988 .

[78]  O. Eriksson.  Seedling dynamics and life histories in clonal plants , 1989 .

[79]  V. T. Parker,et al.  Ecology of Soil Seed Banks , 1989 .

[80]  R. Primack,et al.  Dispersal Can Limit Local Plant Distribution , 1992 .

[81]  F. Putz,et al.  Effect of disturbance intensity on regeneration mechanisms in a tropical dry forest , 2002 .

[82]  W. Schütz.  The importance of seed regeneration strategies for the persistence of species in the changing landscape of central Europe. , 2000 .

[83]  Richard A. Wadsworth,et al.  Simulating the spread and management of alien riparian weeds: are they out of control? , 2000 .

[84]  B. Peco,et al.  Similarity between seed bank and vegetation in Mediterranean grassland: a predictive model , 1998 .

[85]  G. Londo.  The decimal scale for releves of permanent quadrats , 1976, Vegetatio.

[86]  B. Schmid,et al.  The influence of management regime and altitude on the population structure of Succisapratensis: implications for vegetation monitoring , 2001 .

[87]  Hal Caswell,et al.  POPULATION RESPONSES TO FIRE IN A TROPICAL SAVANNA GRASS, ANDROPOGON SEMIBERBIS: A MATRIX MODEL APPROACH , 1991 .

[88]  C. Baskin,et al.  CHAPTER 4 – Physiology of Dormancy and Germination in Relation to Seed Bank Ecology , 1989 .

[89]  W. E. Rogers,et al.  Temporal vegetation dynamics and recolonization mechanisms on different-sized soil disturbances in tallgrass prairie. , 2001, American journal of botany.

[90]  Mark Rees,et al.  Interactions between density-dependent processes population dynamics and control of an invasive plant species, Tripleurospermum perforatum (scentless chamomile) , 2001 .

[91]  M. Hermy,et al.  Concentrating samples estimates a larger seed bank density of a forest soil. , 2000 .

[92]  A new method to determine some characters of vegetation structure , 1988, Vegetatio.

[93]  J. Silvertown,et al.  Demography of Cirsium vulgare in a grazing experiment , 1994 .

[94]  A. Jentsch.  Disturbance driven vegetation dynamics : concepts from biogeography to community ecology, and experimental evidence from dry acidic grasslands in central Europe ; with ... 20 tables in the text , 2004 .

[95]  Charles D. Canham,et al.  Effects of Time and Frequency of Cutting on Hardwood Root Reserves and Sprout Growth , 1991, Forest Science.

[96]  A. Knapp,et al.  Consequences of shrub expansion in mesic grassland: Resource alterations and graminoid responses , 2003 .

[97]  E. J. Kraus.  The Reproductive Capacity of Plants , 1943, Ecology.

[98]  Peter Chesson,et al.  Coexistence Mediated by Recruitment Fluctuations: A Field Guide to the Storage Effect , 1985, The American Naturalist.

[99]  William G. Lee,et al.  A Garden Experiment on Susceptibility to Rabbit‐Grazing, Sapling Growth Rates, and Age at First Reproduction for Eleven European Woody Species , 1999 .

[100]  M. Huston.  A General Hypothesis of Species Diversity , 1979, The American Naturalist.

[101]  P. Poschlod.  Diasporenbanken in Böden – Grundlagen und Bedeutung , 1991 .

[102]  G. Austrheim,et al.  How does continuity in grassland management after ploughing affect plant community patterns? , 1999, Plant Ecology.

[103]  Eld,et al.  Soil seed bank in managed and abandoned semi-natural meadows in Soomaa National Park, Estonia , 2003 .

[104]  Diane M. Thomson,et al.  Approaches to Modeling Population Viability in Plants: An Overview , 2003 .

[105]  Takuya Kubo,et al.  Optimal size of storage for recovery after unpredictable disturbances , 2004, Evolutionary Ecology.

[106]  J. P. Bakker,et al.  From a seed bank database towards a seed database. , 2000 .

[107]  Paul B. Cavers,et al.  CHAPTER 14 – Seed Banks in Arable Land , 1989 .

[108]  L. Fahrig,et al.  Habitat Patch Connectivity and Population Survival , 1985 .

[109]  P. Milberg,et al.  Soil seed bank and species turnover in a limestone grassland , 1994 .

[110]  O. Eriksson,et al.  Population dynamics of the perennial Plantago media in semi‐natural grasslands , 2000 .

[111]  C. Horvitz,et al.  HURRICANE DISTURBANCE AND THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF A TROPICAL UNDERSTORY SHRUB: MEGAMATRIX ELASTICITY ANALYSIS , 1998 .

[112]  Grażyna Ł aska.  The disturbance and vegetation dynamics: a review and an alternative framework , 2001, Plant Ecology.

[113]  L. Valéry,et al.  Sheep grazing as management tool in western European saltmarshes. , 2003, Comptes rendus biologies.

[114]  Jeffrey J. Duda,et al.  Fitting population models from field data , 2003 .

[115]  B. Cerabolini,et al.  Seed size, shape and persistence in soil: a test on Italian flora from Alps to Mediterranean coasts , 2003, Seed Science Research.

[116]  P. Poschlod,et al.  Seed banks and seed dispersal , 1996 .

[117]  D.SC. PH.D. F.R.S. T. R. E. Southwood Kt.  Ecological Methods , 1978, Springer Netherlands.

[118]  Jitka Klimešová,et al.  Clonal plant architecture A comparative analysis of form and function , 1997 .

[119]  W. Abel.  Geschichte der deutschen Landwirtschaft vom frühen Mittelalter bis zum 19. Jahrhundert , 1962 .

[120]  A. Grootjans,et al.  Vegetation development in dune slacks : the role of persistent seed banks , 1999 .

[121]  P. Poschlod,et al.  Restoration of Fallow or Afforested Calcareous Grasslands by Clear-Cutting , 1996 .

[122]  R H Macarthur,et al.  SOME GENERALIZED THEOREMS OF NATURAL SELECTION. , 1962, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[123]  J. Silvertown,et al.  A METAPOPULATION MODEL FOR PRIMULA VULGARIS, A TEMPERATE FOREST UNDERSTOREY HERB , 1997 .

[124]  Paul C. Cross,et al.  Using Logistic Regression to Analyze the Sensitivity of PVA Models: a Comparison of Methods Based on African Wild Dog Models , 2001 .

[125]  K. Ickes,et al.  Resprouting of woody saplings following stem snap by wild pigs in a Malaysian rain forest , 2003 .

[126]  David W. Hosmer,et al.  Applied Logistic Regression , 1991 .

[127]  J. Bakker,et al.  Soil seed bank dynamics in hayfield succession , 2000 .

[128]  J. Hiers,et al.  Modeling silviculture after natural disturbance to sustain biodiversity in the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem: balancing complexity and implementation , 2002 .

[129]  J. P. Grime.  The role of seed dormancy in vegetation dynamics , 1981 .

[130]  F. A. Bazzaz,et al.  Characteristics of Populations in Relation to Disturbance in Natural and Man-Modified Ecosystems , 1983 .

[131]  M. Crawley,et al.  Herbivores, seed banks and seedling recruitment in mesic grassland , 1999 .

[132]  D. Matthies,et al.  Population structure and establishment of the threatened long‐lived perennial Scorzonera humilis in relation to environment , 2002 .

[133]  Florian Jeltsch,et al.  From snapshot information to long-term population dynamics of Acacias by a simulation model , 2000, Plant Ecology.

[134]  W. M. Lonsdale,et al.  Modelling the population dynamics of an annual plant Sorghum intrans in the wet-dry tropics , 1989 .

[135]  Prof. Dr. Francis Hallé,et al.  Tropical Trees and Forests , 1978, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[136]  Robert J. Frye,et al.  Demography and Population Viability of an Endangered Plant Species before and after Protection from Trampling , 1997 .

[137]  S. Hubbell,et al.  The demographics of resprouting in tree and shrub species of a moist tropical forest , 2000 .

[138]  Erich Tasser,et al.  Impact of land use changes on mountain vegetation , 2002 .

[139]  O. Eriksson,et al.  Seedling recruitment in semi-natural pastures: the effects of disturbance, seed size, phenology and seed bank , 1997 .

[140]  David B. Lindenmayer,et al.  Population viability analysis as a tool in wildlife conservation policy: With reference to Australia , 1993 .

[141]  Kevin Gross,et al.  Modeling Controlled Burning and Trampling Reduction for Conservation of Hudsonia montana , 1998 .

[142]  M. Westoby,et al.  ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES : Some Leading Dimensions of Variation Between Species , 2002 .

[143]  Knut Rydgren,et al.  Revegetation following experimental disturbance in a boreal old-growth Picea abies forest , 1998 .

[144]  R. Bradstock,et al.  Spatially-explicit simulation of the effect of prescribed burning on fire regimes and plant extinctions in shrublands typical of south-eastern Australia , 1998 .

[145]  M. Hutchings,et al.  Studies of the feasibility of re-creating chalk grassland vegetation on ex-arable land. II. Germination and early survivorship of seedlings under different management regimes , 1996 .

[146]  J. Oostermeijer,et al.  Temporal and spatial variation in the demography of Gentiana pneumonanthe, a rare perennial herb , 1996 .

[147]  J. Bakker,et al.  The Soil Seed Banks of North West Europe: Methodology, Density and Longevity , 1996 .

[148]  L. Wilding,et al.  Vertisols: their distribution, properties, classification and management. , 1988 .

[149]  R. Freckleton,et al.  Large‐scale spatial dynamics of plants: metapopulations, regional ensembles and patchy populations , 2002 .

[150]  M. Crawley.  Rabbit grazing, plant competition and seedling recruitment in acid grassland , 1990 .

[151]  Mark A. McPeek,et al.  Demography of an Age-Structured Annual: Resampled Projection Matrices, Elasticity Analyses, and Seed Bank Effects , 1992 .

[152]  S. Lavorel,et al.  Small scale disturbances and the maintenance of species diversity in Mediterranean old fields , 1994 .

[153]  H. Ellenberg,et al.  Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen , 1984 .

[154]  P. Poschlod,et al.  Wiederbesiedlung eines aufgeforsteten Kalkmagerrasenstandorts nach Rodung , 1992 .

[155]  Z. Dzwonko,et al.  Dynamics of species richness and composition in a limestone grassland restored after tree cutting , 1998 .

[156]  M. Zobel,et al.  THE ROLE OF THE SEED BANK IN GAP REGENERATION IN A CALCAREOUS GRASSLAND COMMUNITY , 2002 .

[157]  E. Siemann,et al.  Changes in light and nitrogen availability under pioneer trees may indirectly facilitate tree invasions of grasslands , 2003 .

[158]  J. Stöcklin,et al.  Seed rain, seedling establishment and clonal growth strategies on a glacier foreland , 1996 .

[159]  E. Witkowski,et al.  A simple population viability analysis of the critically endangered Euphorbia clivicola R.A. Dyer under four management scenarios. , 2000 .

[160]  R. Freckleton,et al.  Are all plant populations metapopulations? , 2003 .

[161]  James S. Clark,et al.  Why Trees Migrate So Fast: Confronting Theory with Dispersal Biology and the Paleorecord , 1998, The American Naturalist.

[162]  C. Loehle.  Strategy Space and the Disturbance Spectrum: A Life‐History Model for Tree Species Coexistence , 2000, The American Naturalist.

[163]  Alan Hastings,et al.  Dispersal strategies in patchy environments , 1984 .

[164]  J. Grace,et al.  Effects of disturbance on germination and seedling establishment in a coastal prairie grassland: a test of the competitive release hypothesis , 2002 .

[165]  D. Gibson,et al.  The relationship between the soil seed bank and above‐ground vegetation of a coastal barrier island , 1995 .

[166]  S. Gardner,et al.  Consumer pressure, seed versus safe-site limitation, and plant population dynamics , 2000, Oecologia.

[167]  P. Grubb.  THE MAINTENANCE OF SPECIES‐RICHNESS IN PLANT COMMUNITIES: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE REGENERATION NICHE , 1977 .

[168]  A. Sundermeier.  Zur Vegetationsdichte der Xerothermrasen nordwestlich von - Halle/Saale , 1999 .

[169]  S. J. Hegland,et al.  Population structure of Salvia pratensis in relation to vegetation and management of Dutch dry floodplain grasslands , 2001 .

[170]  Bond,et al.  Predicting extinction risks for plants: environmental stochasticity can save declining populations. , 2000, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[171]  P. Poschlod,et al.  A Coenotical Approach of Plant Population Viability Analysis on Successional and Afforested Calcarous Grassland Sites , 1996 .

[172]  P. Poschlod,et al.  The historical and socioeconomic perspective of calcareous grasslands—lessons from the distant and recent past , 2002 .

[173]  E. Menges,et al.  Population viability analyses in plants: challenges and opportunities. , 2000, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[174]  David Tilman,et al.  The Benefits of Natural Disasters , 1996, Science.

[175]  David M Richardson,et al.  Predicting Plant Migration Rates in a Changing World: The Role of Long‐Distance Dispersal , 1999, The American Naturalist.

[176]  O. Eriksson.  Regional dynamics of plants : a review of evidence for remnant, source-sink and metapopulations , 1996 .

[177]  David Vose,et al.  Quantitative Risk Analysis: A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulation Modelling , 1996 .

[178]  Josef Settele,et al.  Species survival in fragmented landscapes , 1996 .

[179]  M. Cain,et al.  SEED DISPERSAL AND THE HOLOCENE MIGRATION OF WOODLAND HERBS , 1998 .

[180]  T. Lennartsson,et al.  Demographic variation and population viability in Gentianella campestris: effects of grassland management and environmental stochasticity , 2001 .

[181]  M. Fischer,et al.  Plants with longer-lived seeds have lower local extinction rates in grassland remnants 1950–1985 , 1999, Oecologia.

[182]  J. Ehrlén.  Demography of the Perennial Herb Lathyrus Vernus. II. Herbivory and Population Dynamics , 1995 .

[183]  Christophe Lett,et al.  Validation of an individual-based model of forest dynamics using self-thinning relationships , 1999 .

[184]  P. M. Driessen,et al.  The major soils of the world , 1991 .

[185]  Anke Jentsch,et al.  The Search for Generality in Studies of Disturbance and Ecosystem Dynamics , 2001 .

[186]  Christian Wissel,et al.  Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion , 1997, Oecologia.

[187]  Joy B. Zedler,et al.  Relationships between canopy complexity and germination microsites for Phalaris arundinacea L. , 2002, Oecologia.

[188]  M. Zobel,et al.  Soil seed bank composition in different successional stages of a species rich wooded meadow in Laelatu, western Estonia , 1998 .

[189]  J. Oostermeijer,et al.  Population structure of the rare, long-lived perennial Gentiana pneumonanthe in relation to vegetation and management in The Netherlands , 1994 .

[190]  A. Wilby,et al.  Herbivory, litter and soil disturbance as determinants of vegetation dynamics during early old-field succession under set-aside , 2001, Oecologia.

[191]  John L. Harper,et al.  Clonal growth in grassland perennials. I: Density and pattern-dependent competition between plants with different growth forms , 1985 .

[192]  H. Godwin,et al.  Verbreitungsbiologie der Blutenpflanzen. , 1956 .

[193]  C. E. Pake,et al.  Seed Banks in Desert Annuals: Implications for Persistence and Coexistence in Variable Environments , 1996 .

[194]  P. Grubb.  A theoretical background to the conservation of ecologically distinct groups of annuals and biennials in the chalk grassland ecosystem , 1976 .

[195]  Bernard Amiaud,et al.  The relationships between soil seed bank, aboveground vegetation and disturbances in old embanked marshlands of Western France , 2004 .

[196]  L. Fahrig,et al.  The advantage of long-distance clonal spreading in highly disturbed habitats , 1994, Evolutionary Ecology.

[197]  P. Poschlod,et al.  Plant species richness in calcareous grasslands as affected by dispersability in space and time , 1998 .

[198]  E. Berlow,et al.  SHRUB EXPANSION IN MONTANE MEADOWS: THE INTERACTION OF LOCAL-SCALE DISTURBANCE AND SITE ARIDITY , 2002 .

[199]  N. J. Ouborg,et al.  Variation in Fitness-Related Characters among Small and Large Populations of Salvia-Pratensis , 1995 .

[200]  R. Macarthur,et al.  The Theory of Island Biogeography , 1969 .

[201]  J. Bakker,et al.  The soil seed bank of undisturbed and disturbed dry limestone grassland on Öland (Sweden). , 1997 .

[202]  P. Poschlod,et al.  Seed size, shape and vertical distribution in the soil: indicators of seed longevity , 1998 .

[203]  P. White,et al.  Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: an introduction. , 1985 .

[204]  F. Scarano,et al.  Resprouting and growth dynamics after fire of the clonal shrub Andira legalis (Leguminosae) in a sandy coastal plain in south‐eastern Brazil , 2001 .

[205]  K. Prach,et al.  Succession in Abandoned Fields. Studies in Central Bohemia, Czechoslavakia. , 1990 .

[206]  J. Connell.  Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. , 1978, Science.

[207]  B. Peco,et al.  Seed bank dynamics of Mediterranean pastures subjected to mechanical disturbance , 1990 .

[208]  W. Lauenroth,et al.  Influence of gap disturbances and type of microsites on seedling establishment in Bouteloua gracilis , 1995 .

[209]  K. Falińska.  Plant demography in vegetation succession , 1991, Tasks for vegetation science.

[210]  R. Levins.  Some Demographic and Genetic Consequences of Environmental Heterogeneity for Biological Control , 1969 .

[211]  J. Lepš,et al.  Early succession on plots with the upper soil horizon removed , 2000 .

[212]  C. Tamm.  Survival and Flowering of Perennial Herbs. III The Behaviour of Primula Veris on Permanent Plots , 1972 .

[213]  N. Hautekèete,et al.  Life span in Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima: the effects of age at first reproduction and disturbance , 2002 .

[214]  D. DeAngelis,et al.  Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Concepts in Ecological Models , 1987 .

[215]  T. Dutoit,et al.  Permanent seed banks in chalk grassland under various management regimes: their role in the restoration of species-rich plant communities , 1995, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[216]  J. P. Grime,et al.  Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. , 1980 .

[217]  P. T. Manders,et al.  A transition matrix model of the population dynamics of the Clanwilliam cedar (Widdringtonia cedarbergensis) in natural stands subject to fire , 1987 .

[218]  M. Gilpin,et al.  Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution , 1997 .

[219]  John L. Harper,et al.  Population Biology of Plants. , 1978 .

[220]  O. Tackenberg.  Methoden zur Bewertung gradueller Unterschiede des - Ausbreitungspotentials von Pflanzenarten , 2001 .

[221]  K. Hodgkinson.  Sprouting success of shrubs after fire: height-dependent relationships for different strategies , 1998, Oecologia.

[222]  E. C. Pielou.  The Interpretation of Ecological Data: A Primer on Classification and Ordination , 1984 .

[223]  E. Maarel,et al.  Plant functional types – a strategic perspective , 2000 .

[224]  D. T. Briese,et al.  Demography and management of the invasive plant species Hypericum perforatum. II. Construction and use of an individual‐based model to predict population dynamics and the effects of management strategies , 2003 .

[225]  M. Vilà,et al.  EFFECTS OF COMPETITION AND DISTURBANCE ON THE RESPROUTING PERFORMANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SHRUB ERICA MULTIFLORA L. (ERICACEAE) , 1995 .

[226]  P. Poschlod,et al.  Untersuchungen zur Dynamik von generativen Diasporenbanken von Samenpflanzen in Kalkmagerrasen. I. Jahreszeitliche Dynamik des Diasporenregens und der Diasporenbank auf zwei Kalkmagerrasenstandorten der Schwäbischen Alb , 1993 .

[227]  E. Witkowski,et al.  Changes in density, biomass, seed production and soil seed banks of the non-native invasive plant, Chromolaena odorata, along a 15 year chronosequence , 2004, Plant Ecology.

[228]  I. Dajoz,et al.  The influence of fire on the demography of a dominant grass species of West African savannas, Hyparrhenia diplandra , 2001 .

[229]  M. Hutchings,et al.  A field investigation of germination from the seed bank of a chalk grassland ley on former arable land , 1988 .