Optical sensors for determination of heavy metal ions

A review is given on optical means for single shot testing (“probing”) as well as continuous monitoring (“sensing”) of heavy metal ions (HMs). Following an introduction into indicator based approaches, we discuss the types of indicator dyes and polymeric supports used, as well as existing sensing schemes for HMs. The wealth of information is compiled in the form of tables and critically reviewed. Notwithstanding the tremendous work performed so far, it is obvious that still severe limitations do exist in terms of selectivity, limits of detection, dynamic ranges, applicability to specific problems, and reversibility. On the other hand, such sensors have found — and will find — their application whenever rapid and cost-effective testing is required, where personnel is scarce or unskilled, and in field tests. Despite their limitations, the number of such sensors (and of irreversible “probes”) for HMs is likely to increase in future.

[1]  R. Narayanaswamy,et al.  A flow-cell optosensor for lead based on immobilized dithizone. , 1992, Talanta.

[2]  J. E. Freeman,et al.  A fiber-optic absorption cell for remote determination of copper in industrial electroplating baths , 1985 .

[3]  C. Brinker.  Sol-gel science , 1990 .

[4]  P. D. Josephy,et al.  Reaction of Gibbs reagent with para-substituted phenols , 1984 .

[5]  R. Cattrall.  Chemical Sensors , 1997 .

[6]  M. Valcárcel,et al.  Integrated reaction/spectrophotometric detection in unsegmented flow systems , 1988 .

[7]  Michael J. Sepaniak,et al.  Chemical Sensors Based on Immobilized Indicators and Fiber Optics , 1988 .

[8]  O. Wolfbeis,et al.  LED-compatible copper(II)-selective optrode membrane based on lipophilized Zincon , 1994 .

[9]  Jianzhong Lu,et al.  Optical fibre fluorosensor for cadmium with diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex as a substrate , 1995 .

[10]  O. Wolfbeis,et al.  Disposable cuvette test with integrated sensor layer for enzymatic determination of heavy metals , 1996 .

[11]  Markus Lerchi,et al.  Lead-selective bulk optodes based on neutral ionophores with subnanomolar detection limits , 1992 .

[12]  D. Siswanta,et al.  Silver Ion Selective Optodes Based on Novel Thia Ether Compounds , 1995 .

[13]  K. Cheng,et al.  CRC Handbook of Organic Analytical Reagents , 1982 .

[14]  Miguel Valcárcel Cases,et al.  Flow-injection analysis : principles and applications , 1987 .

[15]  G. Patonay,et al.  Near-infrared tetra-substituted aluminum 2, 3-naphthalocyanine dyes for optical fiber applications. , 1996, Talanta.

[16]  O. Wolfbeis.  Optical sensors in flow injection analysis , 1993 .

[17]  F. Bright,et al.  A new ion sensor based on fiber optics. , 1988, Talanta.

[18]  P. Molyneux.  Water-soluble synthetic polymers: properties and behavior , 1983 .

[19]  M. Valcárcel,et al.  Fluorimetric reaction-rate methods of inorganic analysis: a review. , 1983, Talanta.

[20]  R. Seymour,et al.  Applications of Polymers , 1988 .

[21]  H. Ache,et al.  An optical sensor for the detection of Cd(II) ions , 1991 .

[22]  Richard B. Thompson,et al.  Enzyme-based fiber optic zinc biosensor , 1993 .

[23]  W. Rudolf Seitz,et al.  pH sensor based on immobilized fluoresceinamine , 1982 .

[24]  Gordon F. Kirkbright,et al.  Studies with immobilised chemical reagents using a flow-cell for the development of chemically sensitive fibre-optic devices , 1984 .

[25]  B. I. Kuyavskaya,et al.  A high-sensitivity photometric method based on doped Sol-Gel glass detectors: determination of sub-ppb divalent iron , 1992 .

[26]  B. Ágai,et al.  Zinc Selective Ionophores for Potentiometric and Optical Sensors , 1992 .

[27]  T. Saito.  Sensing of trace copper ion by a solid phase extraction-spectrophotometry using a poly(vinyl chloride) membrane containing bathocuproine. , 1994, Talanta.

[28]  R. J. Hurtubise.  Solid surface luminescence analysis : theory, instrumentation, applications , 1981 .

[29]  R. Czolk,et al.  Fluorimetric determination of mercury with a water-soluble porphyrin and porphyrin-doped sol-gel films , 1995 .

[30]  N. Peppas.  Hydrogels in Medicine and Pharmacy , 1987 .

[31]  K. Ohashi,et al.  Optical Sensing Properties of PVC Membrane Incorporating Lipophilic 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivative , 1992 .

[32]  W. Rudolf Seitz,et al.  A fluorescent sensor for aluminum(III), magnesium(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) based on electrostatically immobilized quinolin-8-ol sulfonate , 1985 .

[33]  M. Grasserbauer.  Enrichment Techniques for Inorganic Trace Analysis. Von A. Mizuike. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin 1983. VIII, 144 S., geb. DM 72.00 , 1984 .

[34]  Ramaier Narayanaswamy,et al.  Effect of the coupling reagent on the metal inhibition of immobilized urease in an optical biosensor , 1995 .

[35]  Takashi Saito.  Spectrophotometric determination of traces of iron using a poly(vinyl chloride) membrane containing bathophenanthroline , 1992 .

[36]  A. S. Holmes,et al.  Intelligent sensor for metal ions based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer , 1995 .

[37]  H. Ache,et al.  An optochemical sensor for Cd(II) and Hg(II) based on a porphyrin immobilized on Nafion® membranes , 1993 .

[38]  J. Lakowicz.  Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy , 1983 .

[39]  H. Ache,et al.  An Optical Sensor for the Detection of Heavy-Metal-Ions , 1992 .

[40]  K. Seiler,et al.  Theoretical aspects of bulk optode membranes , 1992 .

[41]  A M Ervin,et al.  Development of a fiber-optic sensor for trace metal detection in aqueous environments. , 1993, Applied optics.

[42]  Yoshiaki Kurauchi,et al.  Fluorometric Determination of Zinc, Cadmium and Gallium Ions with a Fiber-Optic Sensor Having a Pyridoxal Isomer-Modified Chitosan/Agarose Gel as a Sensing Probe , 1992 .

[43]  Z. Alfassi,et al.  Preconcentration Techniques For Trace Elements , 1991 .

[44]  R. Compañó,et al.  Spectrofluorimetric detection of zinc and cadmium with 8-(benzenesulfonamido)-quinoline immobilized on a polymeric matrix , 1994 .

[45]  Otto S. Wolfbeis,et al.  Optical sensor for the pH 10–13 range using a new support material , 1993 .

[46]  W. Simon,et al.  Bulk Optodes Based on Neutral Dithiocarbamate Ionophores with High Selectivity and Sensitivity for Silver and Mercury Cations , 1994 .

[47]  W. Simon,et al.  Membrane model for neutral-carrier-based membrane electrodes containing ionic sites , 1993 .

[48]  Ingo Klimant,et al.  A fiber optical sensor for heavy metal ions based on immobilized xylenol orange , 1992 .

[49]  K. Seiler,et al.  Carriers for chemical sensors: Design features of optical sensors (optodes) based on selective chromoionophores , 1989 .

[50]  W. Seitz,et al.  Immobilized calcein for metal ion preconcentration , 1984 .

[51]  K. Seiler,et al.  Characterization of an optode membrane for zinc(II) incorporating a lipophilized analogue of the dye 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol , 1992 .

[52]  C. Cámara,et al.  A biosensor for ferric ion. , 1993, Talanta.

[53]  Mary K. Carroll,et al.  Fiber-optic time-resolved fluorescence sensor for the simultaneous determination of aluminum(3+) and gallium(3+) or indium(3+) , 1989 .