Road and track irregularities: measurement, assessment and simulation

Road and track irregularities have an important influence on the dynamic behaviour of vehicles. Knowledge of their characteristics and magnitude is essential for the design of the vehicle but also for comparable homologation and acceptance tests as well as for the planning and management of track maintenance. Irregularities of tracks and roads are regularly measured using various measurement technologies. All have advantages and weaknesses and require several processing steps. Characterisation of irregularities is done in the distance as well as in the wavelength domain. For rail irregularities, various distance domain description methods have been proposed and are in use. Methods have been analysed and compared with regard to their processing steps. Several methods have been analysed using measured irregularity and vehicle response data. Characterisation in the wavelength domain is done in a similar way for track and road irregularities. Here, an important issue is the estimation of the power spectral densities and the approximation by analytical formulas. For rail irregularities, periodic defects also play an important role. The use of irregularities in simulations requires various processing steps if measured irregularities are used, as well as if synthetic data are utilised. This paper gives a quite complete overview of rail irregularities and points out similarities and differences to the road.

[1]  Laura Montalbán,et al.  Determination of Rail Vertical Profile through Inertial Methods , 2011 .

[2]  S. Weisberg.  Applied Linear Regression: Weisberg/Applied Linear Regression 3e , 2005 .

[3]  Nicholas Wilson,et al.  Performance-Based Track Geometry, Phase 1 , 2012 .

[4]  Masanobu Shinozuka,et al.  Simulation of Multivariate and Multidimensional Random Processes , 1971 .

[5]  Hiroyuki Sugiyama,et al.  Railroad Vehicle Dynamics: A Computational Approach , 2007 .

[6]  Chan-Kyoung Park,et al.  Parameter characteristics of rail inspection measurement system of HSR-350x , 2009 .

[7]  M. Shinozuka,et al.  Digital simulation of random processes and its applications , 1972 .

[8]  Lennart Ljung,et al.  System Identification: Theory for the User , 1987 .

[9]  Jochen Rauh.  Virtual Development of Ride and Handling Characteristics for Advanced Passenger Cars , 2003 .

[10]  S. L. Grassie,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF LONGITUDINAL RAIL IRREGULARITIES AND CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTABLE GRINDING , 1999 .

[11]  Robert Desmond Fröhling.  Measurement, Interpretation and Classification of South African Track Geometry , 1995 .

[12]  V K Garg,et al.  Dynamics of railway vehicle systems , 1984 .

[13]  Xiukun Wei,et al.  Track irregularities estimation based on acceleration measurements , 2012, Proceedings of 2012 International Conference on Measurement, Information and Control.

[14]  Yan Liu,et al.  Performance-based track geometry and the track geometry interaction map , 2009 .

[15]  Javad Sadeghi,et al.  Development of a new track geometry assessment technique incorporating rail cant factor , 2009 .

[16]  DI W. Hanreich,et al.  Track Geometry Measurement Database and Calculation of Equivalent Conicities of the OBB Network , 2002 .

[17]  Manfred Zacher.  Erfahrungen über das Zusammenwirken von Fahrzeug und Fahrweg im Hochgeschwindig-keitsverkehr bei der Deutschen Bahn AG , 2008 .

[18]  Dimitris G. Manolakis,et al.  Applied Digital Signal Processing: Theory and Practice , 2011 .

[19]  Antonio Cabrera.  Gleisgeometriemessung in New York City , 2009 .

[20]  Manfred Mitschke,et al.  Dynamik der Kraftfahrzeuge , 1972 .

[21]  Mats Berg,et al.  Assessment of vertical track geometry quality based on simulations of dynamic track—vehicle interaction , 2009 .

[22]  Cameron Stuart,et al.  FRA Autonomous Track Geometry Measurement System Technology Development: Past, Present, and Future , 2014 .

[23]  Jerald A. Caton,et al.  A thermodynamic analysis of the use of exhaust gas recirculation in spark ignition engines including the second law of thermodynamics , 2009 .

[24]  Andreas Haigermoser,et al.  Track geometry evaluation method based on vehicle response prediction , 2010 .

[25]  Mats Berg,et al.  On the use of second-order derivatives of track irregularity for assessing vertical track geometry quality , 2012 .

[26]  Hitoshi Tsunashima,et al.  Track Geometry Estimation from Car-Body Motions of Railway Vehicle , 2013 .

[27]  J. B. Sousa,et al.  Faculdade de Engenharia , 2001 .

[28]  E. Verheijen,et al.  A survey on roughness measurements , 2006 .

[29]  Gustav Lönnbark.  Characterization of Track Irregularities With respect to vehicle response , 2012 .

[30]  Dieter Ammon,et al.  Approximation and generation of Gaussian and non-Gaussian stationary processes , 1990 .

[31]  Duo Li,et al.  Relating track geometry to vehicle performance using neural network approach , 2006 .

[32]  M. Hecht.  Gleislagemessung mit wellenlängenbegrenzter, betrags- und phasentreuer Darstellung , 1990 .

[33]  S. Rice.  Mathematical analysis of random noise , 1944 .

[34]  Kaufmann F. H. Christoff Hemmrich,et al.  Gleismessfahrzeuge der DB Netz AG: Weiterentwicklung der Mess- und Auswertetechnik , 2007 .

[35]  C Esveld.  SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF TRACK GEOMETRY FOR ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF MAINTENANCE MACHINES , 1978 .

[36]  Georg Rill,et al.  Road Vehicle Dynamics: Fundamentals and Modeling , 2011 .

[37]  Dieter Ammon.  Approximation und Generierung stationärer stochastischer Prozesse mittels linearer dynamischer Systeme , 1989 .

[38]  V. Garg.  Chapter 4 – Wheel–Rail Rolling Contact Theories , 1984 .

[39]  Mats Berg,et al.  Assessing track geometry quality based on wavelength spectra and track–vehicle dynamic interaction , 2008 .

[40]  P. C. Müller,et al.  Berechnungsverfahren für stochastische Fahrzeugschwingungen , 1980 .

[41]  Dieter Ammon.  Detailed Modeling, Simulation and Analysis of Vehicle Dynamics , 2013 .

[42]  Oldřich Kropáč,et al.  Effect of obstacles on roads with different waviness values on the vehicle response , 2008 .

[43]  Ralph Dr.-Ing. Streiter.  Active preview suspension system , 2008 .

[44]  P. Welch.  The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms , 1967 .

[45]  Alex Simpkins,et al.  System Identification: Theory for the User, 2nd Edition (Ljung, L.; 1999) [On the Shelf] , 2012, IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine.

[46]  Gunnar Gräfe.  Kinematische Anwendungen von Laserscannern im Straßenraum , 2008 .

[47]  John Sall,et al.  Leverage Plots for General Linear Hypotheses , 1990 .

[48]  Simon Haykin,et al.  Adaptive filter theory (2nd ed.) , 1991 .

[49]  Atsushi Furukawa,et al.  Management Method for Large Wheel Loads and Lateral Forces Using Axle-box Acceleration and Track Irregularity , 2009 .

[50]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Modelling and optimizing two- and four-stroke hybrid pneumatic engines , 2009 .

[51]  Karl Popp,et al.  Ground Vehicle Dynamics , 2010 .

[52]  Eric Berggren.  Efficient Track Maintenance: Methodology for Combined Analysis of Condition Data , 2009 .

[53]  Stefano Bruni,et al.  The influence of track modelling options on the simulation of rail vehicle dynamics , 2012 .

[54]  R. N. Iyengar,et al.  Random Field Modeling of Railway Track Irregularities , 1995 .

[55]  Yasukuni Naganuma,et al.  Inertial Measurement Processing Techniques for Track Condition Monitoring on Shinkansen Commercial Trains , 2010 .

[56]  Peter Bajorski,et al.  Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics , 2010 .

[57]  Hitoshi Tsunashima,et al.  Condition Monitoring of Shinkansen Tracks Based on Inverse Analysis , 2013 .

[58]  Lutz Mauer.  Determination of Track Irregularities and Stiffness Parameters with Inverse Transfer Functions of Track Recording Vehicles , 1995 .

[59]  Berend Denkena,et al.  Energy flow in jerk-decoupled translatory feed axes , 2007 .

[60]  D. Ammon.  PROBLEMS IN ROAD SURFACE MODELLING , 1992 .

[61]  P.J. Wolfs,et al.  An autonomous, low cost, distributed method for observing vehicle track interactions , 2006, Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/ASME Joint Rail Conference.

[62]  Simon Iwnicki,et al.  Handbook of railway vehicle dynamics , 2006 .

[63]  Igor Rychlik,et al.  Models for road surface roughness , 2012 .

[64]  Bernd Luber,et al.  Influence of wheel-rail interface parameters on interaction based track quality assessment , 2013 .

[65]  Roger M. Goodall,et al.  Monitoring lateral track irregularity from in-service railway vehicles , 2007 .

[66]  C. Roberts,et al.  Monitoring vertical track irregularity from in-service railway vehicles , 2007 .

[67]  Akiyoshi Yoshimura,et al.  A METHOD TO PREDICT TRACK GEOMETRY-INDUCED VERTICAL VEHICLE MOTION , 2004 .

[68]  Abdur Rohim Boy Berawi.  Improving Railway Track Maintenance Using Power Spectral Density (PSD) , 2013 .

[69]  B. Hofmann-Wellenhof,et al.  Introduction to spectral analysis , 1986 .

[70]  James P. Hyslip,et al.  Fractal Analysis of Track Geometry Data , 2002 .

[71]  Gunnar Gräfe,et al.  High precision kinematic surveying with laser scanners , 2007 .

[72]  Stuart L. Grassie,et al.  Rail corrugation: advances in measurement, understanding and treatment , 2005 .

[73]  S Ono,et al.  HIGH-SPEED TRACK INSPECTION TECHNOLOGIES , 2003 .

[74]  Akiyoshi Yoshimura,et al.  THEORY AND PRACTICE OF OPTIMUM CORRECTION USING RESTORED TRACK IRREGULARITY WAVEFORM , 1999 .

[75]  C. S. Bonaventura,et al.  Intelligent system for real-time prediction of railway vehicle response to the interaction with track geometry , 2000, Proceedings of the 2000 ASME/IEEE Joint Railroad Conference (Cat. No.00CH37110).

[76]  Andreas Haigermoser,et al.  Grundsätzliche Uberlegungen zur Fahrwerkstechnik am Beispiel der Lokomotiv-Baureihe 189 , 2005 .

[77]  Ali Tajaddini,et al.  Vehicle Track Interaction Safety Standards , 2014 .

[78]  Akiyoshi Yoshimura,et al.  IDENTIFICATION OF ROLLING STOCK LATERAL DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR TRACK IRREGULARITY MAINTENANCE APPLICATIONS , 2005 .

[79]  Stefano Bruni,et al.  Estimation of long wavelength track irregularities from on board measurement , 2008 .

[80]  Jorge Ambrósio,et al.  An alternative method to include track irregularities in railway vehicle dynamic analyses , 2012 .

[81]  L Xu,et al.  Modelling and simulation of friction for toroidal drive , 2007 .

[82]  Andreas Haigermoser,et al.  Describing and assessing track geometry quality , 2014 .

[83]  Martin H. Murray,et al.  Deterioration of Railway Track on Heavy Haul Lines , 2008 .

[84]  C. Esveld.  Modern railway track , 1989 .

[85]  S. Haykin,et al.  Adaptive Filter Theory , 1986 .

[86]  Sunghoon Choi,et al.  A Mixed Filtering Approach for Track Condition Monitoring Using Accelerometers on the Axle Box and Bogie , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[87]  E. Berggren,et al.  A new approach to the analysis and presentation of vertical track geometry quality and rail roughness , 2008 .

[88]  Tadeusz Uhl,et al.  Application of inverse linear parametric models in the identification of rail track irregularities , 2011 .