Calibration to tool use during visually-guided reaching.

In studying human perception and performance researchers must understand how the body schema is modified to accurately represent one's capabilities when tools are used, as humans use tools that alter their capabilities frequently. The present work tested the idea that calibration is responsible for modifying an embodied action schema during tool use. We investigated calibration in the context of manual activity in near space through a behavioral measure. Participants made blind reaches to various visual distances in pre- and post-test phases using a short tool that did not extend their reach. During an intervening calibration phase they received visual feedback about the accuracy of their reaches, with half of the participants reaching with a tool that extended their reach by 30cm. Results indicated both groups showed calibration appropriate to the type of tool that they used during the calibration phase, and this calibration carried over to reaches made in the post-test. These results inform discussions on the proposed embodied action schema and have applications to virtual reality, specifically the development of self-avatars.

[1]  G. Holmes,et al.  Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions , 1911 .

[2]  P. Haggard,et al.  Rubber Hand Illusions and Size–Weight Illusions: Self-Representation Modulates Representation of External Objects , 2009, Perception.

[3]  Maria V. Sanchez-Vives,et al.  Towards a Digital Body: The Virtual Arm Illusion , 2008, Frontiers in human neuroscience.

[4]  M. Turvey,et al.  Visually perceiving what is reachable. , 1989 .

[5]  J. Wagman,et al.  Task specificity and anatomical independence in perception of properties by means of a wielded object. , 2014, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[6]  Sally A. Linkenauger,et al.  Look before You Leap: Jumping Ability Affects Distance Perception , 2009, Perception.

[7]  J. Lackner,et al.  Influence of vision on vibration-induced illusions of limb movement , 1984, Experimental Neurology.

[8]  J. Witt.  Action’s Effect on Perception , 2011 .

[9]  Christopher C. Pagano,et al.  An Empirical Evaluation of Visuo-Haptic Feedback on Physical Reaching Behaviors During 3D Interaction in Real and Immersive Virtual Environments , 2016, ACM Trans. Appl. Percept..

[10]  M. Goodale,et al.  The visual brain in action , 1995 .

[11]  Rob Withagen,et al.  Transfer of calibration in length perception by dynamic touch , 2004, Perception & psychophysics.

[12]  Christopher C. Pagano,et al.  Eigenvectors of the Inertia Tensor and Perceiving the Orientations of Limbs and Objects , 1998 .

[13]  Alice C. Roy,et al.  Tool-use induces morphological updating of the body schema , 2009, Current Biology.

[14]  Nadia Bolognini,et al.  Extension of perceived arm length following tool-use: Clues to plasticity of body metrics , 2012, Neuropsychologia.

[15]  James E. Cutting,et al.  Perception with an eye for motion , 1986 .

[16]  Geoffrey P. Bingham,et al.  The rate of adaptation to displacement prisms remains constant despite acquisition of rapid calibration , 1999 .

[17]  Karen E. Adolph,et al.  Learning by doing: Action performance facilitates affordance perception , 2010, Vision Research.

[18]  C. Michaels,et al.  Transfer of Calibration Between Length and Sweet-Spot Perception by Dynamic Touch , 2007 .

[19]  Geoffrey P Bingham,et al.  Calibration is action specific but perturbation of perceptual units is not. , 2014, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[20]  G P Bingham,et al.  The necessity of a perception-action approach to definite distance perception: monocular distance perception to guide reaching. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[21]  Jérémy Bourgeois,et al.  Costs and benefits of tool-use on the perception of reachable space. , 2014, Acta psychologica.

[22]  Geoffrey P. Bingham,et al.  Monocular Egocentric Distance Information Generated by Head Movement , 1994 .

[23]  Heft Harry,et al.  A Methodological Note on Overestimates of Reaching Distance: Distinguishing Between Perceptual and Analytical Judgments , 1993 .

[24]  Bruce Bridgeman,et al.  Complementary Cognitive and Motor Image Processing , 1991 .

[25]  B Craske,et al.  Perception of impossible limb positions induced by tendon vibration. , 1977, Science.

[26]  Christopher C. Pagano,et al.  Comparing Verbal and Reaching Responses to Visually Perceived Egocentric Distances , 2001 .

[27]  Moira B. Flanagan,et al.  Movement in the Perception of an Affordance for Wheelchair Locomotion , 2009 .

[28]  H. Henrik Ehrsson,et al.  Being Barbie: The Size of One’s Own Body Determines the Perceived Size of the World , 2011, PloS one.

[29]  Felice L. Bedford,et al.  Constraints on learning new mappings between perceptual dimensions , 1989 .

[30]  Brett R Fajen,et al.  Perceiving Possibilities for Action: On the Necessity of Calibration and Perceptual Learning for the Visual Guidance of Action , 2005, Perception.

[31]  David Waller,et al.  Interaction With an Immersive Virtual Environment Corrects Users' Distance Estimates , 2007, Hum. Factors.

[32]  Alessandro Farnè,et al.  Grab an object with a tool and change your body: tool-use-dependent changes of body representation for action , 2012, Experimental Brain Research.

[33]  Bliss M. Altenhoff,et al.  Near-field distance perception in real and virtual environments using both verbal and action responses , 2011, TAP.

[34]  F. Osiurak,et al.  Tool use and perceived distance: when unreachable becomes spontaneously reachable , 2012, Experimental Brain Research.

[35]  Verónica C. Ramenzoni,et al.  Illusory Shrinkage and Growth , 2010, Psychological science.

[36]  Perception of maximum reaching height reflects impending changes in reaching ability and improvements transfer to unpracticed reaching tasks , 2012, Experimental Brain Research.

[37]  J. S. Long,et al.  Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata, 2nd Edition , 2005 .

[38]  W. Epstein,et al.  Tool use affects perceived distance, but only when you intend to use it. , 2005, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[39]  L. S. Mark,et al.  Postural dynamics and the preferred critical boundary for visually guided reaching. , 1997, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.

[40]  C. Pagano,et al.  Expectation affects verbal judgments but not reaches to visually perceived egocentric distances , 2008, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[41]  J. Gibson.  The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception , 1979 .

[42]  D. Proffitt,et al.  Action-specific influences on distance perception: a role for motor simulation. , 2008, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[43]  Christopher C. Pagano,et al.  Comparing measures of monocular distance perception: Verbal and reaching errors are not correlated. , 1998 .

[44]  H. Henrik Ehrsson,et al.  Body ownership affects visual perception of object size by rescaling the visual representation of external space , 2014, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[45]  Brian R. Johnson,et al.  Can Metric Feedback Training Hinder Actions Involving Distance? , 2009, Hum. Factors.

[46]  Timothy J. Robinson,et al.  Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications , 2002 .

[47]  A. Berti,et al.  When Far Becomes Near: Remapping of Space by Tool Use , 2000, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[48]  P. Viviani,et al.  Frames of reference and control parameters in visuomanual pointing. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[49]  David Waller,et al.  Correcting distance estimates by interacting with immersive virtual environments: effects of task and available sensory information. , 2008, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[50]  Benoît G. Bardy,et al.  Exploratory Movement Generates Higher-Order Information That Is Sufficient for Accurate Perception of Scaled Egocentric Distance , 2015, PloS one.

[51]  Scott L. Thomas,et al.  Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS , 2010 .

[52]  Anne E. Garing,et al.  Calibration of human locomotion and models of perceptual-motor organization. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[53]  Sarah H. Creem-Regehr,et al.  Scaling space with the mirror illusion: The influence of body plasticity on perceived affordances , 2013, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.

[54]  Christopher C. Pagano,et al.  THE INERTIA TENSOR AS A BASIS FOR THE PERCEPTION OF LIMB ORIENTATION , 1995 .

[55]  Adam R. Richardson,et al.  The effect of feedback training on distance estimation in virtual environments , 2005 .

[56]  Geoffrey P Bingham,et al.  Perturbation of perceptual units reveals dominance hierarchy in cross calibration. , 2014, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[57]  Joan López-Moliner,et al.  Shifted visual feedback of the hand affects reachability judgments in interception , 2013, Vision Research.

[58]  Jeanine K. Stefanucci,et al.  Evidence for Hand-Size Constancy , 2014, Psychological science.

[59]  H. Head.  STUDIES IN NEUROLOGY , 1921 .

[60]  Mark A Mon-Williams,et al.  Calibration is both functional and anatomical. , 2014, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[61]  A. Maravita,et al.  Tools for the body (schema) , 2004, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[62]  Daniel S. Mcconnell,et al.  Reaching measures of monocular distance perception: Forward versus side-to-side head movements and haptic feedback , 2000, Perception & psychophysics.

[63]  Jérémy Bourgeois,et al.  Effect of visuomotor calibration and uncertainty on the perception of peripersonal space , 2012, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[64]  Carl Gabbard,et al.  Perceived Reachability in Single- and Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Workspaces , 2006, Journal of motor behavior.

[65]  Geoffrey P Bingham,et al.  Calibrating reach distance to visual targets. , 2007, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[66]  Sally A. Linkenauger,et al.  Perception viewed as a phenotypic expression , 2013 .

[67]  W. Epstein,et al.  When and how are spatial perceptions scaled? , 2010, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[68]  John M. Franchak.  Exploratory behaviors and recalibration: What processes are shared between functionally similar affordances? , 2017, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[69]  Jeanine K. Stefanucci,et al.  Big People, Little World: The Body Influences Size Perception , 2009, Perception.

[70]  J. Wann,et al.  Does limb proprioception drift? , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.